Chapter 22 Terms Flashcards
Who was Franz Ferdinand?
AArchduke of Austria whose assassination sparked World War I
His death on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo is widely considered the catalyst for the war.
What is Sarajevo known for?
The site of Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination
This event triggered the outbreak of World War I.
What does the term ‘Western Front’ refer to?
The main theater of war during World War I in Western Europe
Characterized by trench warfare and significant battles such as the Somme and Verdun.
Who was Nicholas II?
The last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1894 until his abdication in 1917
His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire and the rise of the Bolsheviks.
What was the Armenian genocide?
The systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I
Recognized by many countries as a genocide, it remains a contentious historical issue.
What does ‘Eastern Front’ refer to?
The theater of conflict during World War I between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Notable for large-scale battles and significant territorial changes.
Who was Adolf Hitler?
The leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945
He initiated World War II and was responsible for the Holocaust.
Who was Georges Clemenceau?
The French Prime Minister during World War I
Known as ‘The Tiger’ for his leadership and tenacity in the war.
Who was David Lloyd George?
The British Prime Minister during the latter part of World War I
Played a key role in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
What is the League of Nations?
An intergovernmental organization founded after World War I to promote peace
Its effectiveness was limited, leading to its eventual replacement by the United Nations.
What was the National Congress Party?
A political party in India that played a significant role in the Indian independence movement
Founded in 1885, it was instrumental in advocating for self-governance.
What were the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919)?
Legislative reforms aimed at increasing Indian participation in governance
Introduced a system of dyarchy in provincial governments.
What was the Rowlatt Act (1919)?
A law that allowed the British government in India to imprison individuals without trial
It led to widespread protests and was a significant factor in the Indian independence movement.
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
A leader of the Indian independence movement known for his nonviolent resistance
His philosophy of satyagraha became a central tenet of civil disobedience.
What does ‘satyagraha’ mean?
A philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Gandhi
It emphasizes truth and moral integrity in the struggle for justice.
Who was Lord Cromer?
The British controller-general of Egypt from 1883 to 1907
Known for his reforms in the Egyptian economy and administration.
What was the Dinshawai Incident?
A confrontation in 1906 between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers
It sparked nationalistic sentiments and protests against British rule in Egypt.
Who was Ataturk?
The founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first President
He implemented extensive reforms to modernize Turkey in the early 20th century.
Who was Hussein?
Sharif of Mecca who led the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I
His actions were supported by the British in their efforts to weaken Ottoman control.
What are mandates in the context of post-World War I?
Territories administered by Western powers under the League of Nations
These mandates were primarily in the Middle East, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
What is Zionism?
A nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
It gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
What was the Balfour Declaration (1917)?
A statement by the British government supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
It was a significant milestone in the Zionist movement.
Who was Theodor Herzl?
A Jewish journalist and the founder of modern political Zionism
His efforts laid the groundwork for the establishment of Israel.
Who was Alfred Dreyfus?
A French Jewish army officer whose wrongful conviction for treason sparked a major political scandal
The Dreyfus Affair highlighted anti-Semitism in France and galvanized the Zionist movement.
