chapter 22 - respiration

Question 1

primary functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

• external respiration
• pulmonary ventilation
• protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp, changes, pathogens
• internal respiration
• provide sound + olfactory sensation

Question 2

pneumatic bones and sinuses

Answer 2

found in nasal cavity; The paranasal sinuses develop and enlarge after birth; ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses may not be of significant size until age 3-7 years. The frontal sinuses are the last to develop and may not be of significant size until adolescence. sinuses produce muscous to moisturize + protect inside of nose

Question 3

what structures are involved in sound production?

Answer 3

glottis and vocal folds

Question 4

phonation

Answer 4

sound production at the larynx

Question 5

articulation

Answer 5

modification of sound by other structures – tongue, lips, teeth, cheeks
resonance + amplification by pharynx, oral + nasal cavities, sinuses

Question 6

how are pitch of phonation altered?

Answer 6

position of arytenoid cartilage relative to thryoid cartilage changes pitch

• -> distance increases, causes tense vocal folds and increase in pitch
• -> distance decreases, relaxed vocal folds and decrease in pitch

Question 7

right lung

Answer 7

3 lobes –> superior, middle, inferior that are separated by horizontal + oblique fissures
wider and larger than left
displaced by liver

Question 8

left lung

Answer 8

2 lobes –> inferior and superior
separated by oblique fissure
longer than right
displaced leftward by heart, forming cardiac notch

Question 9

bronchial tree

Answer 9

Supportive connective tissues change: C-shaped rings are replaced by cartilage plates
Epithelium changes: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar 🡪 simple columnar 🡪 simple cuboidal epithelium
Smooth muscle gains importance:
Sympathetic direction 🡪 airways widen
Parasympathetic direction 🡪 airways constrict

Question 10

which portions of respiratory system are conducting?

Answer 10

from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

filter, humidify, warm air

Question 11

where is gas exchange possible?

Answer 11

respiratory portion –> respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 12

types of cells that make up alveolar epitheloium + functions

Answer 12

Pneumocytes type I (type I alveolar cell) – simple squamous
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) – phagocytize particles
Pneumocytes type II (septal cells) – produce surfactant (oily secretion containing phospholipids and proteins) --> Responsible for reducing surface tension, which keeps the passageways to alveoli open

Question 13

external respiration

Answer 13

Includes all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment including:

• Pulmonary ventilation (breathing in and out)
• Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
• Transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues

Question 14

internal/cellular respiration

Answer 14

Involves the use of O2 as the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain with the formation of H2O.

Question 15

muscles used in eupnea (quiet breathing)

Answer 15

diaphragm

external intercostals

Question 16

muscles used in hyperpnea inhalation

Answer 16

Diaphragm: Contraction draws air into lungs; 75% of normal air movement
External intercostal muscles: Assist inhalation; 25% normal
Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs: Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor and scalene muscles

Question 17

muscles used in hyperpnea exhalation

Answer 17

Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis–>Depress the ribs
Abdominal muscles–>Compress the abdomen and force diaphragm upward

Question 18

changes with age + smoking

Answer 18

Arthritic changes – restrict chest movements and limit respiratory minute volume
Restrictive lung disease –pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, etc.
Lowered lung compliance, difficulty breathing in
Obstructive lung disease –emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) etc, lowered lung elastance–>#3 cause of death –leading cause is cigarette smoking–>Atelectasis, increased lung compliance, difficulty breathing out due to loss of elastin components