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Peds > Chapter 22: Principles of Growth and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Principles of Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth is?

A

Physical increase in the body’s size and appearance

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2
Q

Development is?

A

The progressive change in the child toward maturity, completed growth

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3
Q

What are the two directional trends?

A

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

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4
Q

What is cephalocaudal?

A

The child is able to control the head and neck before being able to control the arms and legs.

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5
Q

What is proximodistal?

A

Growth starts in the center and progresses toward the periphery or outside.

The child can control movement of arms before being able to control movement of the hands

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6
Q

What are sequential trends?

A

Definite, predictable sequence

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7
Q

What is the developmental pace?

A

The fixed sequence of development will not occur at the same rate or pace

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8
Q

What would be considered a predictable pattern?

A

Length or height
-but not uniform

Weight

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9
Q

How is developmental screening done?

A

Using the Denver Developmental Test
-identifies delays but doesn’t mean there is a problem

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10
Q

What are the influences on growth and development?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Nutrition
  3. Environment
    - play & environment
    - the homeless family
    - divorce & the child
    - the latchkey child
    - the runaway child
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11
Q

Who proved that each parents individuals’ traits could reappear unchanged in later generations?

A

Gregor Mendel
-normal and abnormal traits are transmitted from one generation to the next

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12
Q

What has a major effect on the overall health and development of a child?

A

Nutrition

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13
Q

What does nutrition do for a child?

A
  1. Helps the body grow
  2. Resist infection and diseases
  3. Motor skill development
  4. Growth, development, and health
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14
Q

What aspects of the child environment can affect growth & development?

A
  1. Family structures
    -family size, sibling order, parent & child relationship, and cultural background
  • play & environment
  • the homeless family
  • divorce & the child
  • the latchkey child
  • the runaway child
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15
Q

Play and entertainment

A

Play is essential for child development

offer emotional enjoyment and educational opportunities

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16
Q

How does homelessness affect a child?

A
  1. chronic illnesses
    2.developmental delays
  2. perform poorly in school
  3. suffer from anxiety and depression
  4. exhibit behavioral problems
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17
Q

How does divorce affect children?

A

Often feel responsible for the breakup

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18
Q

What is a latchkey child

A

Comes home to any empty houses after school each day due to parents working
-fears about being home alone

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19
Q

Tips for family caregivers of latchkey children

A
  1. Keep the key hidden and not show it to anyone.
  2. Remind the child not to enter house if something seems strange (open door, broken window, smoke).
  3. Establish a routine for the child to follow when they arrive home; work together to include something special for the child to do each day.
  4. Plan a telephone contact on the child’s arrival home. Either have the child call you or you call the child. 5. Always let the child know if you are going to be delayed.
  5. Have a code word that only family members know.
  6. Review safety rules with the child. Post them on the refrigerator as a reminder.
  7. Use a refrigerator chart to spell out daily responsibilities and have the child check off tasks as they are completed.
  8. Let the child know how much you appreciate their responsible behavior.
  9. Have a trusted neighbor for backup if the child needs help; be sure the child knows the telephone number and post it by the telephone.
  10. Post telephone emergency numbers that the child can use; practice when to use them.
  11. Remind the child to tell telephone callers that the caregiver is busy but never to say that the caregiver is not home.
  12. Remind the child not to open the door to anyone and to leave windows closed.
  13. Be specific about activities allowed and not allowed.
  14. Carefully survey your home for any hazards or dangerous temptations.
  15. See if your community has a telephone friend program available for latchkey children.
  16. A pet can relieve loneliness, but give the child clear guidelines about care of the pet during your absence.
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20
Q

What age do most runaways be?

A

10-17 years

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21
Q

Why might a child runaway?

A
  1. Physical or sexual abuse
  2. Alcohol or drug abuse
  3. Divorce
  4. Stepfamilies
  5. Pregnancy
  6. School failure
  7. Truancy
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22
Q

As a nurse what should you do to make a runaway feel safe?

A
  1. Nonjudgmental
  2. Try to build a trusting relationship
  3. Counseling is necessary to begin to resolve the problem
23
Q

What was Freud’s theory?

A

Psychosocial development; 3 components: id, ego, and superego

libido (sexual drive or development)

24
Q
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. supergo
A

id: controls physical need and instincts of the body

ego: the conscious self; controls the pleasure principle of the id by delaying the instincts until appropriate time

superego: conscious or parental value system

25
Who described psychosocial development as a series of tasks or crisis
Erikson has 8 developmental task
26
Trust vs Mistrust ( ages 0-1 year)
Crying is the way to ask for help and hope for rescue. Trust has to be established and reinforced
27
Autonomy vs Doubt & Shame (ages 1- 3 years)
Wants to feel in control -self feeding, crawling or walking Gain self respect and pride -from caregivers positive reaction
28
Intimate vs Guilt (ages 3-6 years)
engages in active, assertive play. -plays alone improving physical coordination and expanding skills to gain adult attention no concept of time
29
Industry vs Inferiority (ages 6-12 years)
begin to seek achievement in this phase learn to interact with others and sometimes compete with them
30
Identity vs Role Confusion ( ages 12-18 years)
marked physical and emotional change knowledge that they soon will be responsible for their own lives. develops sense of independence with unique ideals and goals parents and adults refuse to grant their independence -may break rules to prove that they can stress, anxiety, and mood swings in this phase relationships with peers are important
31
Intimacy vs Isolation (Early Adulthood
tries to establish intimate personal relationships with friends and intimate love relationships marriage and starting a family
32
Generativity vs Self-Absorption (Young and Middle Adulthood)
family and family life are most important. doing or producing something that makes a difference to society is important no fulfillment = self absorbed pr stagnant and cant socially develop
33
Ego Integrity vs Despair (Old Age)
period of reflection look back and find that their life was satisfaction with achievements or a sense of failure
34
What was Piaget's theory
discussed cognitive development; intelligence allows people to adapt to environment 4 stages -sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operations -formal operations
35
What philosopher belied that children learn and developed intelligence
Piaget
36
Sensorimotor Phase (ages 0-2 years)
desires for physical satisfaction newborn feels, hears, sees, taste, and smells countless new things as the infant grows a understanding of cause and effect develops
37
Preoperational Phase (ages 2-7 years)
Egocentric cannot perceive from another's POV Self-centered POV no concept of quantity, if it looks like more, then it is more
38
Concrete Operations (ages 7-11 years)
develop ability to begin to problem solve in a concrete, systemic way can classify and organize information about their environments begins to understand volume or weight may remain the same even though the appearance changes can consider another person's POV
39
Formal Operations ( ages 12-15 years)
capable of dealing with ideas, abstract concepts described only in words or symbols begins to understand jokes based on double meanings
40
What was Kohlberg philosophy?
moral reasoning and development; develops in a orderly manner -preconventional (premoral) -conventional
41
What is the preconventional (premoral) level?
During the first 2 years (stage 0), there is no moral sensitivity reacts to pleasure with love and to hurtful experiences with anger
42
What is the conventional level?
children can engage in moral reasoning want to live up to expectations
43
What is one of the most important aspects of communication?
Listening
44
True or False Silence is a form of communication
True
45
Enhancing communication helps what?
1. Promote feelings of control in child/family 2. Increases satisfaction with care
46
How should you communicate with a child?
1. Talk to parents to make children comfortable 2. Include kids and talk to them at eye level, using age appropriate language 3. May need to use pictures, stories, or metaphors to describe things 4. Offer choices when they exist 5. Be honest
47
What age group deals with touch, sight, and hearing
Infants
48
What age group is more focused with play?
Older infants and toddlers
49
What age group needs time to finish thoughts and actions and like to ask questions that they can answer simply
Toddlers and Preschool
50
What age group is interested in learning and like to ask questions with a honest straight forward answer
School age
51
What age group experiences strong feelings and emotions but may not be comfortable discussing them
Adolescent **listen, don't judge, be respectful, keep lines of communication open
52
How should you communicate with parents/caregivers?
Be open and honest Realize they know their child best*** Explain thoroughly and allow time for questions Include in care and teach/allow parents to perform as much care as possible Use open-ended questions and include teaching throughout care/interaction
53
Nurses role related to growth and development
1. Understand expected growth and development and collect related data 2. Use knowledge of growth and development to form healthy nurse/client relationships 3. Reassure caregivers about growth and development and offer anticipatory guidance 4. Support continued growth and development even in very sick or hospitalized children.

Peds (3 decks)

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