Chapter 22 Practice test Flashcards
Where does external respiration take place?
between oxygen in alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs
ithin what respiratory structure does the epithelium change from stratified squamous to pseudostratified ciliated columnar?
the larynx
Central chemoreceptors are located in the __________.
reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
__________ is a slippery substance secreted in the lungs that reduces surface tension and prevents collapse of the alveoli
Surfactant
__________ tonsils are located in the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal
The __________ is a cartilaginous flap that prevents food or liquid from going into the lower respiratory tubes.
epiglottis
What are the roles of the peripheral chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? (Click on all correct answers for full credit.)
They sense falling concentrations of O2 or rising levels of CO2. They signal the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of
breathing when the blood is too acidic.
What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
to secrete surfactant
In blowing out a candle, which respiratory muscles would you be using?
primarily the external and internal oblique muscles and the
transversus abdominis
The __________ lifts superiorly to close off the nasopharynx.
uvula
The smallest subdivision of the lung that can be seen with the unaided eye is the __________.
lobule
__________ are the main sites of gas exchange.
alveoli
The nasopharynx and larynx serve as passageways for __________.
air
The __________ are the most important of the three small cartilages just superior to the cricoid cartilage, because they anchor the vocal folds.
arytenoids
respond to inhaled antigens; located in nasopharynx and oropharynx
tonsils
air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; involved in voice production
larynx
produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize the thoracic cavity
pleurae
small air chambers; walls consist of simple squamous epithelium.
alveoli
air passageway; continuous with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal apertures; epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
nasopharynx
branch from the trachea at the level of T7 in living individuals; run obliquely through the mediastinum
primary bronchi
Your patient recently had surgery on his aortic arch. Since then, he has experienced a hoarse voice. What can you tell him about why he sounds like he has a sore throat?
During the surgery, surgeons may have damaged his left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The medial opening between the right and left vocal folds is called the __________.
rima glottidis
Which of the following is true of pleurisy?
The pain of pleurisy originates from the parietal pleura only.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
removal of tiny inhaled particles
Which structures are important for shaping sounds into recognizable consonants and vowels?
pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
collapse of a lung from airway obstruction or pleural effusion
atelectasis
viral-induced inflammation that causes the air passageways to narrow; characterized by a cough that sounds like a barking dog
croup
respiratory infection caused by a new coronavirus; infections jumped from animal hosts to humans; identified in spring 2003
severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS)
characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by deterioration of the alveolar walls; related to smoking
obstructive emphysema
allergic inflammation that may be triggered by inhaling substances to which the sufferer is allergic; mast cells stimulate contraction of the bronchial smooth musculature and secretion of mucus
bronchial asthma
an inherited condition in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrupted throughout thebody; affects the respiratory system by causing an over-secretion of viscous mucus that clogs respiratory passageways
cystic fibrosis
On the mediastinal surface of each lung, there is an indentation called the __________.
hilum
the proximal part of the laryngotracheal bud forms the __________.
trachea
Premature infants born before 26 weeks of gestation are severely threatened by respiratory distress syndrome resulting from inadequate production of __________.
surfactant
As inspiratory muscles relax, the diaphragm moves superiorly. Simultaneously, what other event occurs?
volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease, which increases pressure and pushes the air out
The smooth muscle along the posterior surface of the trachea is the __________.
trachealis
Which of the following changes that occurs along the airway from the trachea to the bronchioles is the most important for regulating the amount of air entering the alveoli?
smooth muscle forms helical bands that wrap around smaller bronchi
and bronchioles
Branches of the pulmonary arteries generally lie __________ to the corresponding bronchi.
posterior
Which of the following is not a lobe of the lung?
left middle
