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a & p II exam 1 > chapter 22- lymphatic system and immunity > Flashcards

chapter 22- lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

when a hemocytoblast produces what stem cells, T cells, B cells & NK cells will be created

A

lymphoid

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2
Q

T cells get their name for the fact that they mature in what organ?

A

thymus

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3
Q

what makes a lymphoid organ unique from a lymphoid follicle/nodule?

A

organ has a capsule

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4
Q

the middle of a lymphoid follicle is the what & is where B cells are dividing

A

geminal center

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5
Q

the collective term for all the lymphoid nodules along the intestine is the MALT
which stands for what?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

There are 2 what tonsils visible at the back of the mouth?

A

palatine

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7
Q

lymph enters a lymph node through many what vessels and then slowly filters through the sinuses?

A

afferent

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8
Q

the red pulp of the spleen is made up of what filled with blood?

A

sinusoids

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9
Q

the cutaneous membrane is protective against microbes due to the thick keratin,
acid & what else?

A

salt

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10
Q

what is the enzyme produced in mucus secretions specifically
disrupt the walls of bacterial cells?

A

lysozyme

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11
Q

neutrophils secrete what which create membrane pores to disrupt or lyse target cells?

A

defensins

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12
Q

when pseudopods completely wrap around a target cell, the vesicle that is
formed is called a what?

A

phagosome

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13
Q

when NK cells encounter a virus-infected or cancerous cell, they will respond by
releasing what?

A

perforins

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14
Q

what is produced by virus-infected cells to trigger
neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins?

A

beta interferon

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15
Q

the classical pathway of complement activation requires what bound
to the target cell to bind C1 & start the cascade?

A

antibodies

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16
Q

complement fixation will trigger three protective effects: phagocytosis,
inflammation & the formation of the what?

A

membrane attack complex (C5-C9)

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17
Q

inflammation is commonly triggered by the release of what from Mast
cells or Basophils?

A

histamine

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18
Q

pyrogens are released by leukocytes, but mostly by what, to trigger fever?

A

macrophages

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19
Q

the automatic production of antibodies against A or B antigens of RBCs without
exposure to those antigens is called what?

A

innate immunity

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20
Q

vaccinations are administered to achieve what immunity?

A

induced acquired active

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21
Q

an antigen presented in a class I MHC will be recognized by a what cell?

A

cytotoxic T

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22
Q

antigen-presenting cells activate Helper T cells by displaying antigens in
glycoprotein receptors are called what?

A

class II major histocompatibility complex

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23
Q

what is the purpose of memory cells?

A

wait until next exposure & activate more quickly

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24
Q

activated Helper T cells function to secrete what?

A

cytokines

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25
Q

an activated B cell is called a what cell, and it functions to produce what?

A

plasma & antibodies

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26
Q

name the class of antibodies that are a monomer and are the most common in
your blood.

A

IgG

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27
Q

IgE antibodies function as a receptor on the surface of what cells &
basophils?

A

mast

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28
Q

the antigen-biding sites of an antibody adhere to the antigenic determinant site
or what of an antigen?

A

epitope

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29
Q

coating something with proteins like antibodies or C3b to enhance phagocytosis is called what?

A

opsonization

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30
Q

which lymphoid organ is expected to shrink with age?

A

thymus

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31
Q

lymphatic system functions

A
  1. reclaim lost fluid for return to cardiovascular system
  2. protect against pathogens & cancer cells
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32
Q

nonspecific defenses (lymphatic system function)

A

general protection, doesn’t distinguish threat specifics

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33
Q

specific defenses (lymphatic system function)

A

immune response, identify and defend against one particular threat

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34
Q

immunity

A

resistance to infection through activation of specific defenses

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35
Q

lymph (lymphatic system components)

A

fluid similar to plasma but less proteins

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36
Q

lymphatic vessels (lymphatic system components)

A

carry lymph from tissues to veins

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37
Q

lymphoid tissues & organs (lymphatic system components)

A

site of development of lymphocytes & screening for pathogens

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38
Q

lymphocytes & phagocytes (lymphatic system components)

A

provide defense

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39
Q

lymph & lymphatic vessels:

A

-lymph originates as fluid lost from blood capillaries
-collected in blind-end lymphatic capillaries
-overlapping endothelial cells
create one-way mini-valves
-fluid, solutes, large objects driven into lymphatic capillary by pressure in interstitial space (arteries, skeletal muscle)

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40
Q

lymphatic vessels:

A

-histologically most like veins
- all three tunics
- large ones have vasa vasorum
- many valves & anastomoses
- lymph nodes present along vessels
-converge, return fluid to bloodstream: lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> subclavian veins

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41
Q

lymphangitis “blood poisoning”

A

inflammation of a lymphatic
vessel, due to toxins or infection, vasa vasorum swell with blood due to pressure appears as red line under skin

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42
Q

lymphoid cells

A
  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
  3. lymphocytes -> 3 classes
    -constantly circulates between blood, lymph, tissues & can survive for 20+ years
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43
Q

macrophages (lymphoid cells)

A

phagocytosis & T cell activation

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44
Q

dendritic cells (lymphoid cells)

A

antigen presentation (found in CT)

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45
Q

T cells (lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

-thymus-dependent
-80%

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46
Q

cytotoxic T/ Tc cells (T cells -> lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

kill “foreign” cells directly (cell-mediated immunity)

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47
Q

helper T/ Th cells (T cells -> lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

activate T & B cells

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48
Q

suppressor T/ Ts cells (T cells -> lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

inhibit T & B cells

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49
Q

B cells (lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

-“bone marrow-derived”
-10-15%
-when activated -> plasma cell -> secretes antibodies -> bind to specific antigens (foreign molecules)
-antibody-mediated or humoral immunity

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50
Q

natural killer/ NK cells (lymphocytes -> lymphoid cells)

A

-5-10%
-attack abnormal cells: cancer cells or virus-infected cells (nonspecific defense)

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51
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

production of lymphocytes
-occurs in bone marrow, thymus & lymphoid tissues

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52
Q

lymphopoiesis: hemocytoblast -> lymphoid stem cell:

A

-one type of lymphoid stem cell stays in bone marrow -> B & Nk cells
-one type migrates to thymus -> T cells
-both T & B cells divide to produce clones
-both migrate to all lymphoid tissues for division & development

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53
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

-reticular CT & lymphocytes & other lymphoid cells
-functions: proliferation & surveillance
-two types: lymphoid follicules & organs

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54
Q

functions of lymphoid tissues:

A
  1. proliferation site for lymphocytes
  2. surveillance point for lymphocytes & macrophages
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55
Q

lymphoid follicules/nodules (lymphoid tissue)

A

-CT packed with lymphocytes
-no capsule
-germinal center in middle: divides B cells
-germinal center surrounded by dendritic cells, T cells & macrophages
-follicles associated with respiratory, digestive & urinary tracts

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56
Q

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) (special lymphoid nodule/follicle collections)

A

deep to intestinal epithelium, made up of individual nodules called Peyer’s Patches

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57
Q

appendix (special lymphoid nodule/follicle collections)

A

tubular offshoot of beginning portion of large intestine

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58
Q

tonsils (special lymphoid nodule/follicle collections)

A

large nodules in pharynx, have crypts to trap bacteria -> encourage develop of immunity
- 5 total: 2 palatine, 1 pharyngeal (adenoid) & 2 lingual tonsils

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59
Q

lymphoid organs (lymphoid tissue)

A

-fibrous CT capsule around outside
-contain many lymphoid follicules
-include: lymph nodes, thymus & spleen

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60
Q

lymphoid nodes (lymphoid organs)

A

-bean shapes, 1-25 mm
-have associates blood vessels & nerves

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61
Q

lymphoid node structure:

A

-capsule: CT, surrounds outside
-trabeculae: folds of capsule creating partitions inside
-cortex: outer edge
-superficial cortex: lymphoid follicles (B cells & dendritic cells)
-deep cortex: T cells, transit between lymph & blood
-medulla: center, houses T, B & plasma cells
-sinuses

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62
Q

sinuses (lymph node structure)

A

spaces throughout house macrophages, allow lymph flow through node

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63
Q

lymph flow through node:

A

-lymph enters via afferent vessels
-flows slowly through sinuses where it surveys for pathogens & antigens
-macrophages engulf pathogens & dendritic cells bind antigens & stimulate lymphocytes
-“clean” lymph exits via efferent vessels

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64
Q

lymph nodes clustered mostly along lymphatic trunks:

A

function to purify lymph before returning it to blood

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65
Q

what happens when pathogens are detected in a lymph node?

A

-lymphocytes increase in number (rapid clonal division of B & T cells)
-causes buboes

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66
Q

buboes

A

lymph nodes swell

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67
Q

yersinia pestis

A

“bubonic plague”
-buboes all over body

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68
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

chronic enlargement of lymph nodes, due to infection or cancer

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69
Q

cancer often metastasizes in lymph vessels:

A

blood capillaries restrict access to cells but lymphatic capillaries don’t

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70
Q

thymus (lymphoid organ)

A

-glandular
-located superior to heart
-T cells mature in cortex & migrate to medulla to enter heart
thymus most active in early childhood, atrophies with age

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71
Q

thymosin & thymopoietin (hormones produced by thymus)

A

promote development & maturation of lymphocytes (mostly T cells in thymus)

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72
Q

functions of spleen:

A

-remove abnormal blood cells
-store iron from recycled RBCs for reuse
-initiate immune response by B & T cells in response to antigens in blood
-store platelets
-site of fetal erythrocyte production

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73
Q

red pulp (structure of spleen)

A

sinusoids filled with RBCs, platelets & macrophages which phagocytose old RBCs & pathogens

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74
Q

white pulp (structure of spleen)

A

lymphoid follicles containing lymphocytes, await antigen to activate

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75
Q

spleen cleans blood:

A

-blood flows slowly through sinusoids
-macrophages & lymphocytes detect & destroy foreign cells & antigens

76
Q

spleen

A

-located lateral to stomach
-mostly sinusoids
-bleeds profusely when damages
-too fragile to stitch
-splenectomy to prevent fatal hemorrhaging
-liver & bone marrow can take over functions

77
Q

defense against pathogens:

A

1st line: prevent entry -> skin & mucosa
2nd line: general antimicrobial actions when 1st line has been penetrated (innate defense)
3rd line: precision assault on a specific pathogen

78
Q

physical barriers (nonspecific defense)

A

prevent approach if & deny access to pathogens
a. cutaneous membrane (skin)
b. mucosa

79
Q

cutaneous membrane (skin) -> physical barrier -> nonspecifc defense

A

-impenetrable layers of keratinized cells
-impermeable to water & chemicals
-acid pH due to sebum
-high salt due to perspiration (acid & slat inhibit microbe growth)

80
Q

mucosa -> physical barrier (nonspecific defense)

A

-produces antimicrobial secretions
-acids: inhibit microbe growth
-lysozyme: lyse bacterial cell walls
-mucus: traps microbes

81
Q

microphages -> phagocytes (nonspecific defense)

A

-neutrophils & eosinophils
-either phagocytose pathogen
-secrete defensins on pathogen defensins cause membrane pores that cause lysis of target cell

82
Q

macrophages -> phagocytes (nonspecific defense)

A

-phagocytose pathogens, cell debris & other foreign material
-remove debris & pathogens
-fixed & free macrophages

83
Q

fixed macrophages (macrophages -> phagocytes -> nonspecific defense)

A

non-traveling, associated with specific tissue or organ ex: microglia

84
Q

free macrophages (macrophages -> phagocytes -> nonspecific defense)

A

travel throughout body via blood

85
Q

what do all phagocytes have in common?

A

-emigrate from capillaries
-display chemotaxis
-have receptors to bind targets for phagocytosis

86
Q

phagocytosis 1-3

A
  1. microbe adheres to phagocyte via receptors on phagocyte
  2. phagocyte forms pseudopods that engulf particle
  3. phagocytic vesicle is fused with lysosome
87
Q

phagocytosis 4-5

A
  1. microbe in fused vesicle is killed & digested by lysosomal enzymes within phagolysosome, leaving a residual body(undigestible)
    -small solutes diffuse into cytoplasm for use
  2. enzymes neutralized, indigestible & residual material is removed by exocytosis
88
Q

immunological surveillance (nonspecific defense)

A

-monitoring of tissues by NK cells for abnormal cells (cancer or virus)
-abnormal cells express abnormal antigens on surface -> detected by NK cells
-NK cells bind abnormal cell & release perforins from Golgi
-perforins assemble on target membrane creating pores -> lysis of target

89
Q

interferons (nonspecific defense)

A

-antiviral cytokines
-proteins released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages or virus-infected cells
-three types: alpha, beta & gamma

90
Q

cytokines

A

chemical used for cell-to-cell communication

91
Q

α interferons (interferons -> nonspecific defense)

A

produced by leukocytes to attract & stimulate NK cells

92
Q

β interferons (interferons-> nonspecific defense)

A

produced by virus-infected cells to trigger neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins to slow viral replication

93
Q

γ interferons (interferons-> nonspecific defense)

A

produced by T & NK cells to stimulate macrophage activity

94
Q

complement system

A

-attacks & breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes & stimulates inflammation
-antibacterial proteins
-11 complement proteins + 9 other factors & regulators act in cascade to cause foreign cell lysis (often target bacteria)

95
Q

classical pathway (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

-requires bound antibodies
-C1 binds antibodies on bacteria
-turns on C2 + C4
-C3 converted to C3b
-C3b binds bacteria

96
Q

alternate pathway (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

-no antibodies required
-factors P, B, D interact in response to foreign materials
-C3 converted to C3b
-C3b binds foreign material

97
Q

complement fixation (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

-triggers anti-microbial effects
attachment of C3b, results in activation of antimicrobial effects: phagocytosis, inflammation & catalyzes formation of MAC

98
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex

99
Q

trigger phagocytosis -> complement fixation (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

attract phagocytes & makes bacteria easier to grab & digest (opsonization)

100
Q

promotion of inflammation -> complement fixation (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

causes release of histamine from basophils & mast cells

101
Q

catalyzes formation of MAC -> complement fixation (complement system -> nonspecific defense)

A

C5-C9 assemble to form pores on the membrane of the target cells resulting in cell lysis/death

102
Q

inflammation (nonspecific defense)

A

localized redness, swelling, heat & pain in response to any tissue damage

103
Q

functions of inflammation (nonspecific defense)

A
  1. help prevent injury/infection from spreading
  2. disposes of cell debris
  3. sets stage for repair
104
Q

inflammation events 1 & 2 (nonspecific defense)

A
  1. histamine is released by mast cells in response to changes in local environment & triggers acceleration of blood flow to area (vasodilation)
  2. clotting factors & complement enter the site, a clot forms around injury & complement system lyses bacteria & attracts phagocytes
105
Q

inflammation events 3 & 4 (nonspecific defense)

A
  1. local temperature rises due to increased blood flow, which acerbates enzymatic reactions to enhance killing of pathogens (causes redness & heat)
  2. neutrophils arrive, emigrate chemotaxis & activate to produce respiratory bursts, releasing toxic compounds to kill pathogens & release cytokines to attract other phagocytes
106
Q

inflammation events 5 & 6 (nonspecific defense)

A
  1. macrophages arrive to engulf pathogens & cell debris
  2. fibroblasts are stimulated to create collagen patches (scar tissue) to reinforce the clot & begin repair
107
Q

inflammation events 7 & 8 (nonspecific defense)

A
  1. mast cell chemicals trigger pain receptors
  2. the specific/immune defenses are activated
108
Q

puss

A

dead WBC, pathogens, debris: failure to clear -> abscess

109
Q

abscess

A

puss walled off by CT

110
Q

necrosis

A

tissue degeneration due to lysosomal enzymes released by damaged cells (injury gets worse before better)

111
Q

apoptosis

A

controlled cell death (no necrosis)

112
Q

fever (nonspecific defense)

A

elevated body temperature (> 99°F/37.2 C)
-triggered by pyrogens, released into blood by leukocytes, mostly macrophages, upon exposure to foreign antigens

113
Q

effects of fever (nonspecific defense)

A

increase metabolic rate to allow better defense & repair (rate increase 10%/1°C)
-up to 104°F: safe & productive
@106°F: nervous tissue dysfunctional
@110°F: proteins denature = death

114
Q

T cell-specific or adaptive defenses (immune response)

A

cellular immunity, function to amplify the inflammatory response

115
Q

B cell-specific or adaptative defenses (immune response)

A

humoral immunity responsible for most complement activation/fixation

116
Q

specific or adaptive defenses = immune response

A
  • B or T cell immunities
    -each B/T cell covered in receptors that recognize & bond only one specific antigen
    -simple chemical structures like plastic & metal aren’t immunogenic/antigenic
    -responds to threats on a individual basis
117
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance that can activate immune system & provoke a response
-usually large complex, molecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides

118
Q

forms of immunity

A

acquired, innate, acquired active, passive acquired, naturally acquired active, induced acquired active, induced acquired & natural acquired

119
Q

antiserum

A

purified antibody solution against a particular antigen

120
Q

acquired immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

produced by prior exposure or antibody transfer

121
Q

innate immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

genetically determined, no prior exposure or antibody transfer involved

122
Q

active acquired immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens (immune response)

123
Q

passive acquired immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

produced by transfer of antibodies from another person

124
Q

naturally acquired active immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

develops after exposure to antigens in enviroment

125
Q

induced acquired active immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

develops after administration of antigens to prevent disease (vaccination)

126
Q

induced acquired passive immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection (antiserum)

127
Q

natural acquired passive immunity (specific resistance immunity)

A

conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

128
Q

specificity (properties of immunity)

A

immune response targets particular antigens, each B & T cell responds to and destroys only one specific antigen

129
Q

versatility (properties of immunity)

A

a large diversity of lymphocytes prescribed by genes exist to respond to almost any antigen, when a particular antigen is encountered, the one lymphocyte specific to it divides by clonal selection to produce many cells specific to particular antigen

130
Q

memory (properties of immunity)

A

response after second exposure to the same antigen is faster, stronger & lasts longer, during the initial exposure memory cells were created to respond quickly upon second exposure

131
Q

tolerance (properties of immunity)

A

immune system responds only to non-self antigens, B & T cells that recognize self-antigens are destroyed by clonal deletion to ensure self-tolerance

132
Q

T cells & cell-mediated immunity

A

-targets virus or parasite-infected cells, cancer cells & cells of foreign grafts
-3 main types of cells: Tc, Th, Ts
-T cells must be activated by exposure to antigen
-doesn’t recognize free antigen

133
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

antigen must be bound to special glycoprotein receptors on target cell

134
Q

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (T cell -> cell-mediated immunity)

A

carry out cell mediate immunity, physically attack foreign cells

135
Q

helper T (Th) cells (T cell -> cell-mediated immunity)

A

activates B & Tc cells

136
Q

suppressor T (Ts) cells (T cell -> cell-mediated immunity)

A

moderate the immune response by inhibiting Tc & B cells

137
Q

class I MHC

A

-found on all nucleated cells: secreted by Golgi
*not in RBCs
-bind endogenous antigens: contain small peptides present in cytoplasm
-abnormal peptides (cancer, virus, bacterial) trigger cell destruction by Tc cells

138
Q

class II MHC

A

-found on lymphocytes & antigen-presenting cells (ACP)
ex: macrophages
-bind exogenous antigens: material that has been phagocytosed & broken down
-activate Th cells which activate B cells & Tc cells

139
Q

how is class detected/recognized by T cells?

A

determined by CD (cluster differentiation) markers on the T cell (glycoprotein receptors)

140
Q

CD8 -> Tc & Ts:

A

responds to antigens in class MHC I

141
Q

CD4-> Th:

A

responds to antigens in class MHC II

142
Q

activation of CD8/Tc cells/Killer T

A
  1. cell finds target antigen in class MHC 1
  2. Tc cell undergoes clonal selection: proliferation producing many identical cells (stimulation from Th & activated by APC)
  3. some clones remain inactive as memory Tc cells
  4. some clones (active) destroy target cells: perforins, lymphotoxin & apoptosis
143
Q

perforins & lymphotoxin

A

lyse target & disrupt DNA

144
Q

graft rejection -> tissue typing

A

attempt to match MHC, but antigens in MHC will always be foreign thus attacked -> immune-suppressive drugs to suppress Tc cell activity to save graft

145
Q

activation of CD4/Th cells

A
  1. bind antigen in class MHC II
  2. proliferation/ clonal selection
  3. memory cells
  4. activate Th cells
146
Q

activated Th cells secrete cytokines that coordinate specific & nonspecific defense:

A

-stimulate production of memory T cells
-accelerate production of active Tc cells
-attract & stimulate macrophages & NK cells
-promote activation of B cells resulting in antibody production

147
Q

B cell & antibody-mediated immunity

A

-targets bacteria, bacterial toxins & free viruses

148
Q

activation of B cells: T-dependent antigens 1-3

A
  1. B cells have antibodies (IgD) on surface as receptors for antigens: binding causes B cells to become sensitized
  2. bound antigen is internalized & expressed back on surface in class MHC II
  3. specific Th cell recognizes antigen + MHC complex & releases cytokines to activate B cells
149
Q

activation of B cells: T-dependent antigens 4-5

A
  1. activated B cell proliferates (clonal selection) to produce memory B cells & plasma cells
  2. plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to original antigen, ~2000/sec, for 4-5 days, then die (apoptosis)
150
Q

some B cells respond to T-independent antigens:

A

-they can self-activate upon antigen binding without a Th cell
-T-independent activation is less common & produces much weaker response & less protection

151
Q

initial exposure to antigen:

A

~5 days B cell -> plasma cell
~10 days to peak antibody levels (titer) in blood
-antibodies (IgM) circulate ~2 weeks

152
Q

second exposure to antigen:

A

memory cell -> plasma cell ~1-2 days
-peak titer ~2-3 days, higher level
-antibodies (IgG) circulate week-months

153
Q

antibody (Ab) structure

A

-two identical heavy chains (H)
-two identical light chains (L) all held together by disulfide bonds
-hinge region: flexibility
-humans produce 100 million-billion different Ab’s that each bind a different antigen

154
Q

constant segments (C) (Ab structure)

A

-determine class of antibody molecule
-have sites for complement binding (Fc region)

155
Q

fragment crystallizable region (Fc region)

A

the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system

156
Q

variable segments (V) (Ab structure)

A

-determine antigen specificity of antibody
-make up antigen binding sites (2 per monomer molecule)

157
Q

IgG antibodies (class of antibodies/immunoglobulin)

A

-monomer (1Y)
-most common
-produced upon second exposure
-produced at high levels
-provides resistance against viruses, bacteria, toxins
-can cross placenta

158
Q

IgM antibodies (class of antibodies/immunoglobulin)

A

-pentamer (5Y)
*10 binding sites
-first-class produced upon initial exposure
-forms immune complexes agglutination)

159
Q

IgA antibodies (class of antibodies/immunoglobulin)

A

-dimer (2Y)
-in secretions (sweat, tears)
-surface protection
-inside/outside surfaces
*4 binding sites

160
Q

IgD antibodies (class of antibodies/immunoglobulin)

A

-monomer (1Y)
-on surface of B cells as receptor
-sensitizes or activates B cells upon antigen binding

161
Q

IgE antibodies (class of antibodies/immunoglobulin)

A

-monomer (1Y)
-on mast cells & basophils as receptor
-triggers histamine release upon antigen binding

162
Q

antigen-antibody complexes

A

-antibodies bind antigens via antigen-binding sites
-antigen bound by its antigenic determinant site/epitope

163
Q

complete antigen (antigen-antibody complexes)

A

two epitopes bound to the two antigen binding sites

164
Q

incomplete antigen(antigen-antibody complexes)

A

only one epitope bound to one site (small molecules), can lead to allergies (combined with body proteins)
ex: latex

165
Q

agglutination (effects of antibody binding)

A

enhances phagocytosis & reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with

166
Q

opsonization (effects of antibody binding)

A

coating antigens with antibodies enhances phagocytosis

167
Q

neutralization (effects of antibody binding)

A

a. blocks adhesion of bacteria & viruses to mucosa
b. blocks active site of toxin

168
Q

complement fixation (effects of antibody binding)

A

activation of complement system

169
Q

inflammation (effects of antibody binding)

A

-stimulate inflammation (IgE on mast cell)
-disruption of cells by complement/reactive protein attracts phagocytic & other defensive immune system cells

170
Q

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (effects of antibody binding)

A

antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells
*eosinophils

171
Q

autoimmune disorders (immune disorder)

A

immune response targets normal body cells, autoantibodies produced

172
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus/type 1 diabetes (autoimmune disorder)

A

attack cells of pancreas

173
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS) (autoimmune disorder)

A

-attack white matter of CNS
-Tc cells

174
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (autoimmune disorder)

A

-attack joints
-antibodies

175
Q

graves disease (autoimmune disorder)

A

-stimulate thyroid
-overactivation/ overproduction of thyroxine

176
Q

immunodeficiency disease (autoimmune disorder)

A

-immune system fails to develop or immune responses are blocked
-due to genetics /development, infection by virus, exposure to radiation or drugs

177
Q

SCID (severe combines immune-deficiency disorder) (immunodeficiency disorder)

A

born without B or T cells

178
Q

Hodgkins disease (immunodeficiency disorder)

A

lymph node cancer = decreased B & T cells

179
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (immunodeficiency disorder)

A

virus (HIV) infects CD4 (Th) cells & replicates causing cell lysis
-Th cells necessary for both Tc & B cell activation
-decreased Th -> patient has poor cell-mediated & antibody-mediated immunity
-patient dies of opportunistic infections

180
Q

allergies

A

excessive immune response to non-harmful antigens results in tissue damage

181
Q

immediate hypersensitivity (allergies)

A

-most common
-antibody-based
-antigen = allergen
a. anaphylaxis
b. atopy

182
Q

anaphylaxis (immediate hypersensitivity)

A

-initial expose produces IgE
-IgE binds Mast cells/ basophils
-2nd exposure, allergen binds IgE, triggers release of histamine & heparin -> inflammation (ex: runny eyes & nose

183
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

allergen circulates in blood -> body wide inflammation (decreased BP = shock)

184
Q

atopy (immediate hypersensitivity)

A

full-blown allergic response upon 1st exposure

185
Q

delayed hypersensitivity (allergies)

A

-cell-mediated
-Tc, Th & macrophages activated by allergen resulting in cell death & local inflammation (ex: poison ivy)

186
Q

age-related changes

A

-thymus size decreases, fewer T cells produced
-decreased Th cells = less B & T cell activation = decreased immunity overall
- decreased B cells = decreased antibodies = increased susceptibility yo viral & bacterial infections
-increased chance of cancer (decreased NK & Tc cells)

a & p II exam 1 (4 decks)

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