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a & p II exam 1 > chapter 21- vessels & circulation(cardiovascular system) > Flashcards

chapter 21- vessels & circulation(cardiovascular system) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the term for a bypass vessel?

A

anastomosis

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2
Q

in arteries the outer edge of the tunica intima has an extra layer of elastin called
the what?

A

internal elastic membrane

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3
Q

of the three layers of the vessel wall, what is the
thickest in veins?

A

tunica externa/tunica adventitia

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4
Q

which class of arteries are involved in system vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure?

A

muscualr arteries/distrubtion artries

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5
Q

what brings blood to the capillary beds?

A

arterioles

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6
Q

what’s an arteriosclerosis caused specifically by lipid deposits?

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

typically capillary bed is composed of what capillaries whereas
fenestrated capillaries are specialized for transfer of large solutes or a high
volume of fluid?

A

continous

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8
Q

sinusoids are designed to allow the exchange of what?

A

cells & large proteins

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9
Q

what is the cycle of contraction and relaxation of a precapillary sphincter to control blood flow through a capillary bed?

A

vasomotion

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10
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure drives fluid out of a capillary, what draws the fluid
back in?

A

osmosis (due to plasma proteins

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11
Q

what effect does lactic acid have on a precapillary sphincter?

A

dilation

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12
Q

stimulation from the vasomotor centers will result in what effect?

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

name the hormone produced by the atria that blocks thirst and prevents release of ADH

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

how does ADH & Angiotensin II assist the situation short term after a
hemorrhage?

A

both trigger water retention & vessel constriction to keep blood pressure up

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15
Q

arteries (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

carry blood away fro heart, branch & decrease in diameter

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16
Q

arterioles (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

smallest arterial branches connect to capillaries

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17
Q

capillaries (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

tiny vessels where diffusion occurs between the blood & interstitial fluid

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18
Q

venules (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

smallest veins, connect to capillaries

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19
Q

veins (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

return blood to heart, converge & increase in diameter

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20
Q

anastomoses (six main classes of blood vessels)

A

bypass connections between vessels

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21
Q

vessel wall structure of arteries & veins

A

three main layers or tunics

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22
Q

tunica intima/tunica interna (wall structure of arteries & veins)

A

-inner most layer
-endothelial cells with basal lamina of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibers (elastin)
-in arteries called internal elastic membrane

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23
Q

internal elastic membrane

A

the extra layer of elastic fiber on the outer edge of the tunica interna in arteries

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24
Q

tunica media (wall structure of arteries & veins)

A

-middle layer
-smooth muscle cells in loose CT with sheets of elastin

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25
Q

external elastic membrane

A

an extra layer of elastic fibers on the tunica media in arteries

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26
Q

tunica externa/tunica adventitia (wall structure of arteries & veins)

A

-outer most layer
-collagen-rich external CT sheath
-infiltrated with nerve fibers & lymphatic vessels
-large vessels contain vaso vasorum

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27
Q

tunica externa/tunica adventitia in arteries

A

there is more collagen & scattered elastic fiber bands

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28
Q

tunica externa/tunica adventitia in veins

A

there is extensive elastic fiber networks & bundles of smooth muscle cells

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29
Q

arteries (arteries vs vein comparison)

A

-thicker walls
-more elastin & smooth muscle in tunica media
-thickest tunic = tunica media
-elastic walls recoil constricting lumen without BP
-circular in cross section
-no valves
-pleated endothelium
-internal & external elastic membranes

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30
Q

veins (arteries vs veins comparison)

A

-thinner walls
-less elastin & smooth muscle in tunica media
-thickest tunic= tunica externa
-open lumen, no recoil
- collapse flat in cross-section
-valves = flaps of tunica intimate prevent backflow
-smooth endothelium
-no elastic membrane

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31
Q

vein histology

A

large vein -> ,medium-sized vein -> venule -> fenestrated capillary

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32
Q

artery histology

A

elastic artery -> muscular artery -> arteriole -> continous capillary

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33
Q

pressure points (muscular arteries)

A

can be pinched off to control bleeding

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34
Q

aneurysm (health problems with arteries)

A

pressure of blood exceeds elastic capacity of wall, causes bulge or weak spot prone to rupture, caused by chronic high BP or arteriosclerosis

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35
Q

arteriosclerosis (health problems with arteries)

A

variety of pathological conditions causing changes in walls that decrease elasticity (thickening)

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36
Q

focal calcification (health problems with arteries)

A

smooth muscle degenerates, replaced by calcium salts

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37
Q

atherosclerosis (health problems with arteries)

A

lipid deposit buildup

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38
Q

stroke/cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (health problems with arteries)

A

interruption of arterial supply to portion of brain (embolism, atherosclerosis), brain tissue dies & function is lost

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39
Q

capillaries

A

-designed to allow diffusion to/from the tissues
-consists of tunica intima only (endothelium + basal lamina)
-8μm
-only vessels with thin enough wall structure to allow complete diffusion

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40
Q

continuous capillaries

A

-normal diffusion to all tissues except epithelium & cartilage
-complete endothelium, tight junctions

41
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

-high-volume fluid or large solute transfer
-pores/fenestrations span endothelium
-ex: choroid plexus, endocrine organs, intestine, kidney

42
Q
A
43
Q

capillary beds

A

a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrients, include continuous, fenestrated & sinusoid

44
Q

not enough total blood to fill all capillaries at once:

A

flow through capillary bed must be controlled based on need via pre-capillary sphincters (vasomotion)

45
Q

vasomotion

A

-cycle of contraction/relaxation
-sphincter relaxed = flow in capillary bed
-sphincter constricted = capillary bed empty, flow through anastomoses

46
Q

veins

A

-designed to return blood to heart, can serve as blood reservoir, thin walls but large lumens
-thin tunica media with little smooth muscle or elastin
-tunica externa contains elastin & smooth muscle
-tunica intima contains valves to prevent back-flow

47
Q

veins pressure:

A

-pressure from heart drives blood flow in arteries, pressure in veins often too low to oppose gravity
=skeletal muscle movement required to “squish” blood through veins
-valves in tunica intima ensure one-way movement

48
Q

venule

A

-collect blood from capillary beds
-average diameter 20μm (range 8μm)
-small ones lack tunica media

49
Q

medium vein size

A

2-9mm

50
Q

large vein

A

3cm

51
Q

varicose veins & hemorrhoids (health problems with veins)

A

resistance to flow (gravity, obesity) causes pooling above valves, veins stretch out

52
Q

blood reservoir (health problems with veins)

A

venous system contains 65-70% total blood volume, can constrict during hemorrhage to keep volume in capillaries & arteries near normal

53
Q

arteries

A

-designed to change diameter, elastic & muscular, thick walls
-tunica externa contains collagen
-sympathetic stimulation = vasoconstriction
-smooth muscle relaxes = vasodilation

54
Q

elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

A

-transport large volumes away from heart
-2.5 cm
-elastin in all 3 tunics
-stretch (ventricular systole) & rebound (ventricular diastole)
-not involved in system vasoconstriction

55
Q

muscular arteries (distribution arteries)

A

-transport blood to organs & tissues
-10mm-0.3mm
-more smooth muscle & less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries
-involved in systemic vasoconstriction via sympathetic stimulation

56
Q

arterioles (resistance vessels)

A

-connect blood supply to capillary beds
-300μm-10μm
-all 3 tunics then with few elastic fibers
-involved in local vasoconstriction via endocrine or sympathetic stimulation

57
Q

anastomoses

A

-bypass routes between vessels
-not present in retina, kidney or spleen
-more common in veins

58
Q

blood flow (physiology of circulation)

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel in given period (total body flow = CO)

59
Q

blood pressure (physiology of circulation)

A

force per unit area exerted on vessel by blood (mmHg) blood flows from high pressure -> low

60
Q

resistance (physiology of circulation)

A

opposition of blood flow, friction
-increase blood viscosity = increase resistance
-increase vessel length = increase resistance
-decrease vessel diameter = increase resistance

61
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease blood flow, increase BP, increase resistance

62
Q

vasodilation

A

increase blood flow, decrease BP, decrease resistance

63
Q

physiology of circulation

A

-blood pressure changes throughout body: greatest in arteries leaving heart, lowest in veins returning to heart
-person’s BP measured at arteries near heart = systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (from ventricles -> squeeze/rest)

64
Q

what is a “normal” blood pressure?

A

110/70mmHg

65
Q

hypertension

A

-arterial pressure > 150/90mmHg
-causes increased workload for heart

66
Q

what happens when hypertension goes untreated?

A

enlarged left ventricle, requires more O2, heart can fail

67
Q

as arteries branch, area for blood increases, pressure decreases & becomes constant:

A

-blood at arteriole ~35mmHg -> capillary->
-blood ar venue ~18mmHg
-pressure continues to decline as veins increase diameter

68
Q

capillary exchange

A

-functions to feed tissues & remove wastes
-due to filtration & diffusion
-dependent on good blood flow & pressure

69
Q

filtration process (capillary exchange)

A

-blood hydrostatic pressure in capillaries drives water & solutes out of plasma to tissues, 24 L/day
-most recollected by osmosis (plasma proteins) back into capillary (filtered at arteriole ends, absorbed at venule end)

70
Q

3.6 L/day flows through interstitial spaces, recollected by lymphatic system capillary exchange -> filtration):

A

-accelerates distribution of nutrients
-flushes out toxins & pathogens (will be removed/detoxified by immune cells in lymphatic system)

71
Q

diffusion through endothelial cells & membranes (capillary exchange)

A

-small ions transit through endothelial cells (Na+)
-large ions & small organic pass between endothelial cells (glucose, amino acids)
-lipids pass through endothelial membranes (steroid hormones)

72
Q

diffusion through fenestrated capillaries & sinusoids (capillary exchange)

A

-large water-soluble compounds diffuse at fenestrated capillaries (intestine)
-large plasma proteins diffuse only at sinusoids (liver)

73
Q

diffusion (capillary exchange)

A

movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low

74
Q

filtration (capillary exchange)

A

pressure forces substances through a membrane (osmosis)

75
Q

edema

A

buildup of fluid in tissues due to too much diffusion or filtration, not enough osmosis, or blocked lymphatics

76
Q

cardiovascular regulation

A

-blood flow, BP & resistance must be controlled to ensure delivery of nutrients & removal of wastes in tissues

77
Q

autoregulation (cardiovascular regulation)

A

single capillary bed: action at a precapillary sphincter

78
Q

local vasodilators (autoregulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-increase blood flow
-increased CO2 or decreased O2
-lactic acid
-increase K+ or H+
-inflammation: histamine, NO(nitric oxide)
-elevated temperature

79
Q

local vasoconstrictions (autoregulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-decrease blood flow
-prostaglandins (narrowing of blood vessels)
-thromboxanes (facilitates platelet aggregation)
-endothelins (tightening blood vessels)

80
Q

neural mechanisms (cardiovascular regulation)

A

a. cardiovascular centers
b. baroreceptor reflexes
c. chemoreceptor reflexes

81
Q

cardioacceleratory center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

sympathetic = increase CO (cardiac output)

82
Q

cardioinhibitory center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

parasympathetic = decrease CO (cardiac output)

83
Q

vasomotor center -> cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-sympathetic
-NE (norepinephrine) = vasoconstriction

84
Q

baroreceptor reflexes (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

monitor BP & trigger cardiovascular centers

85
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes (neural mechanisms -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

monitor blood & CSF, CO2, O2 & pH and trigger respiratory & cardiac center

86
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-from pituitary gland in response to low blood volume
-causes vasoconstriction & water conservation kidney

87
Q

angiotensin II (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-from kidney in response to low BP
-causes Na+ retention & K+ loss at kidney
-stimulates release of ADH, thirst, CO & arteriole constriction

88
Q

erythropoietin (EPO) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-from kidney in response to low O2
-stimulates production & maturation of RBCs

89
Q

atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) (hormonal regulation -> cardiovascular regulation)

A

-from atria in response to stretching
-causes increased Na+ & H2O loss in kidney, reduced thirst, blocks ADH release, stimulates vasodilation

90
Q

short-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging

A

aimed at increasing BP & increase flow: blood flow to brain kept constant while other systems adjust, can compensate for ~20% blood loss

91
Q

short-term cardiovascular possible events response to hemorrhaging

A
  1. increase CO, trigger peripheral vasoconstriction to increase BP
  2. venoconstrict to mobilize venous reserve to increase blood volume
  3. release NE, ADH, angiotensin II to increase BP
92
Q

long-term cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging

A

aimed at restoring normal blood volume after hemorrhage

93
Q

long-term cardiovascular possible events response to hemorrhaging

A
  1. recall fluid from interstitial spaces
  2. release increase ADH for fluid retention in kidney
  3. increase thirst
  4. release EPO to increase RBCs
94
Q

shock

A

low BP & inadequate blood flow

95
Q

what is shock due to?

A

-loss of >30% blood volume
-damage to heart
-external pressure on heart
-extensive vasodilation

96
Q

what does shock result in?

A

-hypotension, rapid & weak pulse, clammy skin, confusion, increased heart, decreased urine production, decreased blood pH
-body focuses on supplying blood to brain at expense of other tissues

97
Q

circulatory collapse

A

blood flow stops completely as muscles in vessels no longer contract due to lack of oxygen, no blood flow = death

98
Q

aging & cardiovascular system

A

-decreased hematocrit
-increased thrombus formation
-venous valves decreased function, blood pools in legs
-reduction in max CO
-increased arteriosclerosis

a & p II exam 1 (4 decks)

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