Chapter 22 - Immune Function Excess: Hypersensitivity

Question 0

Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Answer 0

Type 1: Rapid
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex
Type 4: Delayed

Question 1

Hypersensitivities/Allergies

Answer 1

Increased/excessive response to presence of antigen exposure.
Degree of rx ranges from: uncomfortable (itchy, water eyes, sneezing) to Life threatening (allergy asthma, anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction circulatory collapse)

Question 2

Type I reaction

Answer 2

Rapid Hypersensitivity Reaction AKA atopic allergy

• Most common type
• Some reactions occur only in areas of antigen exposure
• Caused by increased production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody class

Question 3

Rapid Hypersensitivity Reaction ….

Answer 3

may involve blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle, causing blood vessel dilation, decreased cardiac output, bronchoconstriction = ANAPHYLAXIS

Question 4

Anaphylaxis AKA…

Answer 4

anaphylactoid reaction

Question 5

Allergic Rhinitis

Answer 5

AKA Hay fever
Triggered by rx to airborne allergens
*Type 1:Rapid

Question 6

Allergic Rhinitis causes a release of what?

Answer 6

Histamine which will cause an increase in the Eosinophil count

Question 7

Epipen concentration

Answer 7

1:1000

Question 8

epipen dosage in mg and times to give…

Answer 8

0.3-0.5 mg
q10-15 mins for anaphlaxis
q20-4h for asthma

Question 9

Which disease is often correlated with latex allergy?

Answer 9

Spina Bifida

Question 10

A person with a latex allergy should also avoid these foods…

Answer 10

Avacados, bananas, kiwi, potatoes, papaya, tomatoes

Question 11

Interventions for Type 1 Reactions

Answer 11

Avoidance Therapy

Drug Therapy

Question 12

Types of Avoidance Therapy

Answer 12

Environmental changes

Pet interventions

Question 13

Drug Therapies for Type 1 Rx

Answer 13

Decongestants
Antihistamines (benydryl, zyrtec, claritin) 
Corticosteroids (prednisone)
Mast Cell Stabilizers (chromalyn)
Leukotrine antagonists (singulair)
Complementary and alternative therapy
Desensitization therapy (allergy shots)

Question 14

Early Sx of Anaphylaxis

Answer 14

• First feelings of uneasiness, apprehension, weakness, impending doom.
• Pruritus(itching) and urticaria (hives)
• Erythema, sometimes angioedema of eyes, lips, tongue

Question 15

Anaphylaxis (prolonged)

Answer 15

Distributive shock
histamine causes capillary leak, bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, excess mucus secretion.

Causes congestion, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, increasing respiratory distress with audible wheezing.

Can be fatal

Question 16

What most frequently causes anaphylactic reaction?

Answer 16

Drugs and dyes

*Iodine Dye

Question 17

Interventions for Anaphylaxis

Answer 17

• Epipen or Twinject
• Assess respiratory function;establish airway
• CPR if needed
• Epinephrine
• Antihistamines (for Angioedema and urticaria)
• Oxygen
• Treat bronchospasm
• IV fluids

Question 18

Latex Allergy

Answer 18

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Protein found in natural latex rubber products is specific allergen
Allergen causes interaction with IgE
Incidence of latex allergy is increasing
Health care workers are more susceptible.

Question 19

Type II Reaction

Answer 19

Cytotoxic

Body makes special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some from of foreign protein attached them.

Question 20

Examples of Cytotoxic Rx

Answer 20

Hemolytic Anemias
Throbocytopenic purpura
Hemolytic transfusion reactions
Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 21

Goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 21

Antibodies attack lungs and kidneys

Question 22

Type III Reaction

Answer 22

Immune Complex Reaction
Excess antigens cause immune complexes to form in the blood.
Circulating complexes lodge in small blood vessels.
Usual sites: kidneys, skin, joints, small blood vessels

Question 23

Examples of Immune Complex Reactions

Answer 23

Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythromatosis
Serum Sickness

Question 24

Treatment of Immune Complex Reactions

Answer 24

corticosteroids (high dose)

Question 25

RA symptoms

Answer 25

ulnar deviation and boutinier

high ESR, CRP and RF

Question 26

Type IV reaction

Answer 26

Delayed Hypersensitivity
Reactive cell is T-LYMPHOCYTE (T-cell)
Antibodies and complement are not involved
Local collection of lymphocytes and macrophages cause edema, induration, ischemia, tissue damage at site.

Question 27

Example of Delayed Hypersensitivity

Answer 27

Poison Ivy

Tissue Transplant Rejection

Question 28

Autoimmunity

Answer 28

Process where a person develops inappropriate immune response.
Antibodies/lymphocytes directed against healthy normal cells and tissues (autoantibodies)
Immune system fails to recognize certain body cells/tissues as self, and triggers immune reactions

Question 29

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Answer 29

Often appears with other autoimmune disorders
Dry eyes, Dry mucous membranes, vaginal dryness
Insufficient tears causing inflammation/ulceration of cornea
No cure; intensity and progression can be slowed

Question 30

Goodpasture’s sydrome

Answer 30

Autoantibodies made agains glomerular basement membrane and neutrophils.
Affects lungs and kidneys
SOB, hemoptysis, decreased urine output, weight gain, edema, hypertension, tachycardia
Treatment high dose corticosteroids

Question 31

Normal Eosinophil count

Answer 31

1%

Question 32

Normal IgE

Answer 32

less than 39 IU/ml