Chapter 22 Exam 2 Flashcards
Disease causing organisms are called ____.
Pathogens
The ___ system includes cells, tissues and organs for defending the body.
Lymphatic
What are the 2 forms of immunity?
Innate (nonspecific)
Adaptive (specific)
Defenses that do not distinguish one threat fr another are what type of defenses?
Innate
Lymphocytes respond to certain pathogens providing an adaptive response known as the ___ ___.
Immune response
A fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins is called ___.
Lymph
What are the 4 parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues & organs
Lymphocytes & smaller #s of phagocytes
What is the name given to the smallest lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic capillaries
In what ways do lymphatic capillaries differ fr blood capillaries?
Originate as pockets rather than tubes
Have larger diameters
Have thinner walls
Have flat or irregular outline in sectional view
What is the name given to lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine?
Lacteals
Like veins, larger lymphatic capillaries contain what?
Valves
___ lymphatics are located in the sub q layer deep to the skin
Superficial
___ lymphatics are larger lymphatic vessels that accompany deep arteries & veins.
Deep
Superficial & deep lymphatics converge to form to form even larger vessels called ___ ___.
Lymphatic trunks
What 2 lg collecting vessels do the lymphatic trunks empty into?
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
The thoracic duct collects lymph from where?
Inferior to the diaphragm
Left side superior to diaphragm
The ___ ___ duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm
Right lymphatic
The base of the thoracic duct is an expanded, sac like chamber called the ___ ___.
Cisterna chyli
What results fr a blockage of lymphatic drainage?
Lymphoedema
___ account for 20-30% of circulating leukocytes.
Lymphocytes
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes circulating in blood?
- Thymus dependent cells (T-cells)
- Bone marrow derived cells (B-cells)
- Natural Killer cells (NK Cells)
Name the 4 types of T cells.
- Cytotoxic
- Memory
- Helper
- Supressor
Cytotoxic T cells are the main T cells involved in what type of immunity?
Cell-mediated or cellular
B-cells differentiate into plasma that secrete antibodies that are soluble proteins known as ___.
Immunoglobulins
B-cells are responsible for what type of immunity?
Antibody-mediated or humoral
What are antigens?
Pathogens, parts or products of pathogens or other foreign compounds
NK cells are also known as what?
Lg Granular Lymphocytes
___ ___ cells attack foreign cells, normal cells infected w/viruses and cancer cells that appear in normal tissue.
Natural Killer
Continuous “policing” of peripheral tissues by NK cells is known as ___ ___.
Immunological Surveillance
What substance plays the primary role in maintaining normal lymphocyte populations?
Red Bone Marrow
Stromal cells produce hormone or cytokine called ___ which promotes the ____ of B-cells.
Interleukin-7
Differentiation
As B-cells mature they move into what 3 places?
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid tissue
___ cells patrol the body moving thru peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells
NK
___ tissues are tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
Lymphoid
Lymphocytes that are densely packed in an area of areolar tissue form a ___ ___.
Lymphoid nodule
What is contained within a germinal center of a lymphoid nodule?
Dividing lymphocytes
The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive sys is known as what?
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestine are known as what?
Aggregated lymphoid nodules
The ___ are lg lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
What 3 areas of the body contain the greatest number of lymph nodes?
Neck
Armpits
Groin
Bundles of collagen fibers that extend fr the capsule of a lymph node into the interior of the node are known as what?
Trabeculae.
What is contained within the outer cortex of a lymph node?
B cells within a germinal centers
Where are T cells located within a lymph node?
Deep Cortex
What is contained on the medulla of a lymph node?
B cells & plasma cells organized into elongate masses known as medullary cords
Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes is known as ____.
lymphadenopathy
The thymus reaches its greatest size relative to body size when?
In 1st yr or 2 aft birth
Each lobule of the thymus consists of what 2 things?
Outer cortex
Central Medulla
Lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus are arranged in clusters that are completely surrounded by ___ ___ cells.
Reticular Epithelial
Reticular epithelial cells in the medulla of the thymus cluster together in concentric layers forming distinctive structures known as ___ ___.
Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles
Which organ contains the largest amt of lymph tissue in the body?
Spleen
What are the 3 functions of the spleen?
- Phagocytosis of abnormal blood cells & other components
- Store iron fr recycled RBCs
- Initiates immune responses by B and T cells
What is it that attaches the spleen to the stomach?
Gastrosplenic Ligament
The cellular components of the spleen constitute the ___ of the spleen.
Pulp
In the spleen, red pulp contains lg quantities of ___ ___ ___ & white pulp resembles ___ ___.
RBCs
Lymphoid nodules
The splenic artery enters at the hilum & branches to produce a # of arteries that radiate outward toward the capsule. These arteries are known as ___ arteries.
Trabecular
With regards to the lymphatic sys, resistance is defined as what?
Ability to fight off infection, illness & disease
What type of defenses do not distinguish one type of threat fr another?
Innate or nonspecific
Innate defenses are present at birth and include. . . .
Physical barriers Phagocytic cells Immunological surveillance Interferons Complement Inflammation Fever
___ defenses protect against very specific threats
Adaptive or specific
Innate or nonspecific defenses provide what type of resistance?
Nonspecific
Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of what?
Specific lymphocytes
Are B and T cells part of innate defenses or adaptive defenses?
Adaptive
What is the function of phagocytes in innate defenses?
Engulf pathogens & cell debris
___ ___ is the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
Immunological surveillance
___ are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infection.
Interferons
What is complement?
Sys of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in destruction of pathogens
Describe an inflammatory response.
Localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of an inj or infection
___ is an elevation of body temp that accelerates tissue metabolism & activity of defenses.
Fever
___ are neutrophils & eosinophils that normally circulate in the blood.
Microphages
Which microphages are abundant, mobile and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?
Neutrophils
Which microphages are less abundant and target foreign compounds or pathogens that have been covered by antibodies?
Eosinophils
___ are lg, actively phagocytic cells that can be fixed or free.
Macrophages
What are the 3 ways a macrophage responds to a pathogen?
- Engulfs it & destroys w/lysosomal enzymes
- Bind too or remove pathogen fr interstitial
fluid - Release toxic chems into interstitial fluid
Microglia are fixed macrophages located where?
CNS
___ cells are macrophages locate in and around liver sinusoids
Kupffer
___ macrophages aka ___, reside in specific tissues and organs & are incapable of mvmt.
Fixed
Histiocytes
___ or ___ macrophages travel throughout the body arriving at inj sites by migrating through adjacent tissues or by leaving circulating blood.
Free or Wandering
What is the function of alveolar macrophages aka phagocytic dust cells?
Monitor exchange surfaces of dust cells
Describe the phenomenon of chemotaxis.
Attraction or repulsion of macro & microphages by chemicals in surrounding tissues
Adhesion is what?
Attachment of a phagocyte to its target
What are the 4 steps in the action of an NK cell?
- Recognition & adhesion
- Realignment of golgi apparatus
- Secretion of perforin
- Lysis of abnormal cell
What is perforin?
Secretory vesicles containing protein that move thru a cytoplasm toward cell surface
The process of avoiding detection or neutralizing body defenses is called ___ ___.
Immunological Escape
___ are sm proteins released by activated lymphocytes & macrophages & by tissue cells infected by viruses
Interferons
Antiviral proteins do not prevent viruses fr entering a cell. Instead they do what?
Interfere w/viral replication inside the cell
What is the name given to chemical messengers that tissue cells release to coordinate local activities?
Cytokines
Define paracrine communication.
Cell to cell communication within one tissue
Describe complement.
Located in plasma
Made up of protein
Assist or “complement” actions of antibodies
During classical pathway activation of complement what occurs?
Complement protein C1 binds to an antibody already attached to an antigen
Which complement sys is slower & less effective & activates in the absence of antibody molecules?
Alternate pathway aka properdin pathway
What is properdin?
Complement protein that is part go the activation of the alternative pathway
What are the cardinal S&S of inflammation?
Swelling (tumor)
Redness (rubor)
Heat (valor)
Pain (dolar)
What are the three effects of inflammation?
Inj temporary repaired
Slowing of pathogen spread
Local, regional & systemic defenses mobilized
What 3 things happen when a neutrophil undergoes activation at an inj site?
1) Stick to side of vessel & move into tissue
2) Metabolic rate increases dramatically
3) Secrete cytokines to attract other neutrophils & macrophages
What is necrosis?
Tissue damage occurring aft cells have been inj or destroyed
What is pus?
Fluid that accumulates at an inj site containing debris, dead or dying cells and necrotic tissue
An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called a/an ___.
Abscess
Circulating proteins called ___ can reset the bodies thermostat or raise body temp.
Pyrogens
With regards to fever, active macrophages release a cytokine known as ___ ___ or ___.
Endogenous Pyrogen or Interleukin 1
T cells bring about ___-___ immunity or cellular immunity which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens.
Cell-mediated
Immunity brought on by B cells which defends against antigens & pathogens in body fluids is known as ___-___ or ___ immunity.
Antibody-mediated or humoral
___ immunity develops aft exposure to an antigen where the body responds to an antigen by making its own antibody
Active
What are the 2 types of active immunity?
Naturally acquired
Artificially induced
The type of active immunity the begins to develop at birth and continues to build as you encounter “new” pathogens or other antigens is known as what?
Naturally acquired active immunity
___ ___ active immunity stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions and is the basic principle behind Immunization/vaccination
Artificially induced active immunity
___ immunity is results fr the transferring of antibodies from another source.
Passive
In ___ ___ passive immunity baby receives antibodies when they cross the placenta or are transferred thru breast milk.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
In ___ ___ passive immunity a person receives antibodies fr an outside source to fight infection or prevent disease
Artificially induced passive immunity
What are the 4 properties of immunity?
Specificity
versatility
Memory
Tolerance
Specificity of immunity is described as what?
Specific defense activated by specific antigen & the response targets that particular antigen
What are the 2 characteristics that create versatility in an immunity response?
Lg diversity of lymphocytes
Variability in structure of synthesized antibodies
What are the 2 grps of memory cells?
- Attacks invaders immediately
2. Remain inactive unless it meets same antigen at later date
All cells & tissues in the body contain antigens that normally do not stimulate an immune response. We say that the immune sys exhibits what toward these antigens?
Tolerance
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for what type of immunity and how do they work?
Cell Mediated Immunity
By physically & chemically attacking antigens
How do memory T cells respond to antigens they have already encountered?
By cloning more lymphocytes to ward off the invader
What is the function of helper T cells?
Stimulate response of T cells & activate B cells to produce antibodies
___ ___ inhibit T cell and B cell activities & moderate Immune response
Suppressor T Cells
When does antigen presentation occur?
When an antigen glycoprotein combination capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane
___-___ cells are specialized cells responsible for activating T cell defenses against foreign cells and foreign proteins.
Antigen-Presenting Cells
If the MHC protein contains an antigen that the T cell is programmed to detect then binding occurs. This process is known as ___ ___.
Antigen recognition
An ___-___ complex forms when an antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule.
Antigen-antibody
Antibodies do not bind to an entire antigen. Instead they bind to specific portions of the exposed surface known as what?
Antigen determinate sites or epitopes
When an antibody attaches itself to a cell at the same site where an antigen would attach preventing the antigen fr attaching what mechanism is occurring?
Neutralization
When antibodies link lg numbers of antigens together they form a 3D structure known as a/an ___ ___.
Immune complex
The formation of insoluble immune complexes is called ___.
Precipitation
When a target antigen is on the surface of a cell or virus the formation of lg complexes is called ___.
Agglutination
Antigens covered with antibodies attract ___, ___ & ___ which destroy foreign or abnormal plasma membranes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
macrophages
A coating of antibodies & complement proteins increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis. What is this effect known as?
Opsonization
Name the 5 classes of antibodies.
IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA
Which antibodies are responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria & bacterial toxins?
IgG
Which antibodies provide passive immunity to a fetus during embryological development?
IgG
How do IgE antibodies fight antigens?
Stimulates release of histamine & other chems that accelerate inflammation
___ antibodies can be found on surfaces of B cells where it can bind to antigens in extracellular fluid.
IgD
What is the first class of antibody secreted when an antigen is encountered?
IgM
The anti-A & anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types are ___ antibodies,
IgM
Where are IgA antibodies primarily found?
Glandular secretions
IgA antibodies attack pathogens when?
Before they gain access to internal tissues
The initial immune response to an antigen is called the ___ response where as when the antigen appears again a ___ response provides a more extensive & prolonged
Primary
Secondary
