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BI 212 > Chapter 22 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease causing organisms are called ____.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

The ___ system includes cells, tissues and organs for defending the body.

A

Lymphatic

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3
Q

What are the 2 forms of immunity?

A

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

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4
Q

Defenses that do not distinguish one threat fr another are what type of defenses?

A

Innate

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5
Q

Lymphocytes respond to certain pathogens providing an adaptive response known as the ___ ___.

A

Immune response

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6
Q

A fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins is called ___.

A

Lymph

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7
Q

What are the 4 parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues & organs
Lymphocytes & smaller #s of phagocytes

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8
Q

What is the name given to the smallest lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

In what ways do lymphatic capillaries differ fr blood capillaries?

A

Originate as pockets rather than tubes
Have larger diameters
Have thinner walls
Have flat or irregular outline in sectional view

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10
Q

What is the name given to lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals

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11
Q

Like veins, larger lymphatic capillaries contain what?

A

Valves

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12
Q

___ lymphatics are located in the sub q layer deep to the skin

A

Superficial

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13
Q

___ lymphatics are larger lymphatic vessels that accompany deep arteries & veins.

A

Deep

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14
Q

Superficial & deep lymphatics converge to form to form even larger vessels called ___ ___.

A

Lymphatic trunks

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15
Q

What 2 lg collecting vessels do the lymphatic trunks empty into?

A

Thoracic Duct

Right Lymphatic Duct

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16
Q

The thoracic duct collects lymph from where?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm

Left side superior to diaphragm

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17
Q

The ___ ___ duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm

A

Right lymphatic

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18
Q

The base of the thoracic duct is an expanded, sac like chamber called the ___ ___.

A

Cisterna chyli

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19
Q

What results fr a blockage of lymphatic drainage?

A

Lymphoedema

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20
Q

___ account for 20-30% of circulating leukocytes.

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes circulating in blood?

A
  1. Thymus dependent cells (T-cells)
  2. Bone marrow derived cells (B-cells)
  3. Natural Killer cells (NK Cells)
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22
Q

Name the 4 types of T cells.

A
  1. Cytotoxic
  2. Memory
  3. Helper
  4. Supressor
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23
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are the main T cells involved in what type of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated or cellular

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24
Q

B-cells differentiate into plasma that secrete antibodies that are soluble proteins known as ___.

A

Immunoglobulins

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25
Q

B-cells are responsible for what type of immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated or humoral

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26
Q

What are antigens?

A

Pathogens, parts or products of pathogens or other foreign compounds

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27
Q

NK cells are also known as what?

A

Lg Granular Lymphocytes

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28
Q

___ ___ cells attack foreign cells, normal cells infected w/viruses and cancer cells that appear in normal tissue.

A

Natural Killer

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29
Q

Continuous “policing” of peripheral tissues by NK cells is known as ___ ___.

A

Immunological Surveillance

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30
Q

What substance plays the primary role in maintaining normal lymphocyte populations?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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31
Q

Stromal cells produce hormone or cytokine called ___ which promotes the ____ of B-cells.

A

Interleukin-7

Differentiation

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32
Q

As B-cells mature they move into what 3 places?

A

Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid tissue

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33
Q

___ cells patrol the body moving thru peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells

A

NK

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34
Q

___ tissues are tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

A

Lymphoid

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35
Q

Lymphocytes that are densely packed in an area of areolar tissue form a ___ ___.

A

Lymphoid nodule

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36
Q

What is contained within a germinal center of a lymphoid nodule?

A

Dividing lymphocytes

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37
Q

The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive sys is known as what?

A

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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38
Q

Clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestine are known as what?

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

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39
Q

The ___ are lg lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx.

A

Tonsils

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40
Q

What 3 areas of the body contain the greatest number of lymph nodes?

A

Neck
Armpits
Groin

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41
Q

Bundles of collagen fibers that extend fr the capsule of a lymph node into the interior of the node are known as what?

A

Trabeculae.

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42
Q

What is contained within the outer cortex of a lymph node?

A

B cells within a germinal centers

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43
Q

Where are T cells located within a lymph node?

A

Deep Cortex

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44
Q

What is contained on the medulla of a lymph node?

A

B cells & plasma cells organized into elongate masses known as medullary cords

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45
Q

Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes is known as ____.

A

lymphadenopathy

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46
Q

The thymus reaches its greatest size relative to body size when?

A

In 1st yr or 2 aft birth

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47
Q

Each lobule of the thymus consists of what 2 things?

A

Outer cortex

Central Medulla

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48
Q

Lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus are arranged in clusters that are completely surrounded by ___ ___ cells.

A

Reticular Epithelial

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49
Q

Reticular epithelial cells in the medulla of the thymus cluster together in concentric layers forming distinctive structures known as ___ ___.

A

Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles

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50
Q

Which organ contains the largest amt of lymph tissue in the body?

A

Spleen

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51
Q

What are the 3 functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Phagocytosis of abnormal blood cells & other components
  2. Store iron fr recycled RBCs
  3. Initiates immune responses by B and T cells
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52
Q

What is it that attaches the spleen to the stomach?

A

Gastrosplenic Ligament

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53
Q

The cellular components of the spleen constitute the ___ of the spleen.

A

Pulp

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54
Q

In the spleen, red pulp contains lg quantities of ___ ___ ___ & white pulp resembles ___ ___.

A

RBCs

Lymphoid nodules

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55
Q

The splenic artery enters at the hilum & branches to produce a # of arteries that radiate outward toward the capsule. These arteries are known as ___ arteries.

A

Trabecular

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56
Q

With regards to the lymphatic sys, resistance is defined as what?

A

Ability to fight off infection, illness & disease

57
Q

What type of defenses do not distinguish one type of threat fr another?

A

Innate or nonspecific

58
Q

Innate defenses are present at birth and include. . . .

A 
Physical barriers
Phagocytic cells
Immunological surveillance
Interferons
Complement
Inflammation
Fever
59
Q

___ defenses protect against very specific threats

A

Adaptive or specific

60
Q

Innate or nonspecific defenses provide what type of resistance?

A

Nonspecific

61
Q

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of what?

A

Specific lymphocytes

62
Q

Are B and T cells part of innate defenses or adaptive defenses?

A

Adaptive

63
Q

What is the function of phagocytes in innate defenses?

A

Engulf pathogens & cell debris

64
Q

___ ___ is the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues

A

Immunological surveillance

65
Q

___ are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infection.

A

Interferons

66
Q

What is complement?

A

Sys of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in destruction of pathogens

67
Q

Describe an inflammatory response.

A

Localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of an inj or infection

68
Q

___ is an elevation of body temp that accelerates tissue metabolism & activity of defenses.

A

Fever

69
Q

___ are neutrophils & eosinophils that normally circulate in the blood.

A

Microphages

70
Q

Which microphages are abundant, mobile and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

Which microphages are less abundant and target foreign compounds or pathogens that have been covered by antibodies?

A

Eosinophils

72
Q

___ are lg, actively phagocytic cells that can be fixed or free.

A

Macrophages

73
Q

What are the 3 ways a macrophage responds to a pathogen?

A
  1. Engulfs it & destroys w/lysosomal enzymes
  2. Bind too or remove pathogen fr interstitial
    fluid
  3. Release toxic chems into interstitial fluid
74
Q

Microglia are fixed macrophages located where?

A

CNS

75
Q

___ cells are macrophages locate in and around liver sinusoids

A

Kupffer

76
Q

___ macrophages aka ___, reside in specific tissues and organs & are incapable of mvmt.

A

Fixed

Histiocytes

77
Q

___ or ___ macrophages travel throughout the body arriving at inj sites by migrating through adjacent tissues or by leaving circulating blood.

A

Free or Wandering

78
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages aka phagocytic dust cells?

A

Monitor exchange surfaces of dust cells

79
Q

Describe the phenomenon of chemotaxis.

A

Attraction or repulsion of macro & microphages by chemicals in surrounding tissues

80
Q

Adhesion is what?

A

Attachment of a phagocyte to its target

81
Q

What are the 4 steps in the action of an NK cell?

A
  1. Recognition & adhesion
  2. Realignment of golgi apparatus
  3. Secretion of perforin
  4. Lysis of abnormal cell
82
Q

What is perforin?

A

Secretory vesicles containing protein that move thru a cytoplasm toward cell surface

83
Q

The process of avoiding detection or neutralizing body defenses is called ___ ___.

A

Immunological Escape

84
Q

___ are sm proteins released by activated lymphocytes & macrophages & by tissue cells infected by viruses

A

Interferons

85
Q

Antiviral proteins do not prevent viruses fr entering a cell. Instead they do what?

A

Interfere w/viral replication inside the cell

86
Q

What is the name given to chemical messengers that tissue cells release to coordinate local activities?

A

Cytokines

87
Q

Define paracrine communication.

A

Cell to cell communication within one tissue

88
Q

Describe complement.

A

Located in plasma
Made up of protein
Assist or “complement” actions of antibodies

89
Q

During classical pathway activation of complement what occurs?

A

Complement protein C1 binds to an antibody already attached to an antigen

90
Q

Which complement sys is slower & less effective & activates in the absence of antibody molecules?

A

Alternate pathway aka properdin pathway

91
Q

What is properdin?

A

Complement protein that is part go the activation of the alternative pathway

92
Q

What are the cardinal S&S of inflammation?

A

Swelling (tumor)
Redness (rubor)
Heat (valor)
Pain (dolar)

93
Q

What are the three effects of inflammation?

A

Inj temporary repaired
Slowing of pathogen spread
Local, regional & systemic defenses mobilized

94
Q

What 3 things happen when a neutrophil undergoes activation at an inj site?

A

1) Stick to side of vessel & move into tissue
2) Metabolic rate increases dramatically
3) Secrete cytokines to attract other neutrophils & macrophages

95
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Tissue damage occurring aft cells have been inj or destroyed

96
Q

What is pus?

A

Fluid that accumulates at an inj site containing debris, dead or dying cells and necrotic tissue

97
Q

An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called a/an ___.

A

Abscess

98
Q

Circulating proteins called ___ can reset the bodies thermostat or raise body temp.

A

Pyrogens

99
Q

With regards to fever, active macrophages release a cytokine known as ___ ___ or ___.

A

Endogenous Pyrogen or Interleukin 1

100
Q

T cells bring about ___-___ immunity or cellular immunity which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens.

A

Cell-mediated

101
Q

Immunity brought on by B cells which defends against antigens & pathogens in body fluids is known as ___-___ or ___ immunity.

A

Antibody-mediated or humoral

102
Q

___ immunity develops aft exposure to an antigen where the body responds to an antigen by making its own antibody

A

Active

103
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity?

A

Naturally acquired

Artificially induced

104
Q

The type of active immunity the begins to develop at birth and continues to build as you encounter “new” pathogens or other antigens is known as what?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

105
Q

___ ___ active immunity stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions and is the basic principle behind Immunization/vaccination

A

Artificially induced active immunity

106
Q

___ immunity is results fr the transferring of antibodies from another source.

A

Passive

107
Q

In ___ ___ passive immunity baby receives antibodies when they cross the placenta or are transferred thru breast milk.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

108
Q

In ___ ___ passive immunity a person receives antibodies fr an outside source to fight infection or prevent disease

A

Artificially induced passive immunity

109
Q

What are the 4 properties of immunity?

A

Specificity
versatility
Memory
Tolerance

110
Q

Specificity of immunity is described as what?

A

Specific defense activated by specific antigen & the response targets that particular antigen

111
Q

What are the 2 characteristics that create versatility in an immunity response?

A

Lg diversity of lymphocytes

Variability in structure of synthesized antibodies

112
Q

What are the 2 grps of memory cells?

A
  1. Attacks invaders immediately

2. Remain inactive unless it meets same antigen at later date

113
Q

All cells & tissues in the body contain antigens that normally do not stimulate an immune response. We say that the immune sys exhibits what toward these antigens?

A

Tolerance

114
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for what type of immunity and how do they work?

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

By physically & chemically attacking antigens

115
Q

How do memory T cells respond to antigens they have already encountered?

A

By cloning more lymphocytes to ward off the invader

116
Q

What is the function of helper T cells?

A

Stimulate response of T cells & activate B cells to produce antibodies

117
Q

___ ___ inhibit T cell and B cell activities & moderate Immune response

A

Suppressor T Cells

118
Q

When does antigen presentation occur?

A

When an antigen glycoprotein combination capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane

119
Q

___-___ cells are specialized cells responsible for activating T cell defenses against foreign cells and foreign proteins.

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells

120
Q

If the MHC protein contains an antigen that the T cell is programmed to detect then binding occurs. This process is known as ___ ___.

A

Antigen recognition

121
Q

An ___-___ complex forms when an antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule.

A

Antigen-antibody

122
Q

Antibodies do not bind to an entire antigen. Instead they bind to specific portions of the exposed surface known as what?

A

Antigen determinate sites or epitopes

123
Q

When an antibody attaches itself to a cell at the same site where an antigen would attach preventing the antigen fr attaching what mechanism is occurring?

A

Neutralization

124
Q

When antibodies link lg numbers of antigens together they form a 3D structure known as a/an ___ ___.

A

Immune complex

125
Q

The formation of insoluble immune complexes is called ___.

A

Precipitation

126
Q

When a target antigen is on the surface of a cell or virus the formation of lg complexes is called ___.

A

Agglutination

127
Q

Antigens covered with antibodies attract ___, ___ & ___ which destroy foreign or abnormal plasma membranes

A

Eosinophils
Neutrophils
macrophages

128
Q

A coating of antibodies & complement proteins increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis. What is this effect known as?

A

Opsonization

129
Q

Name the 5 classes of antibodies.

A 
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
130
Q

Which antibodies are responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria & bacterial toxins?

A

IgG

131
Q

Which antibodies provide passive immunity to a fetus during embryological development?

A

IgG

132
Q

How do IgE antibodies fight antigens?

A

Stimulates release of histamine & other chems that accelerate inflammation

133
Q

___ antibodies can be found on surfaces of B cells where it can bind to antigens in extracellular fluid.

A

IgD

134
Q

What is the first class of antibody secreted when an antigen is encountered?

A

IgM

135
Q

The anti-A & anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types are ___ antibodies,

A

IgM

136
Q

Where are IgA antibodies primarily found?

A

Glandular secretions

137
Q

IgA antibodies attack pathogens when?

A

Before they gain access to internal tissues

138
Q

The initial immune response to an antigen is called the ___ response where as when the antigen appears again a ___ response provides a more extensive & prolonged

A

Primary

Secondary

BI 212 (7 decks)

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