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BI 212 > Chapter 21 EXAM > Flashcards

Chapter 21 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest arterial branches are __ and from there blood moves into ____.

A

Arterioles

Capillaries

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2
Q

What takes place at the capillaries?

A

Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

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3
Q

From capillaries, blood enters sm ___ which unite to form larger ____ and return blood to the heart.

A

Venules

Veins

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers in a blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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5
Q

The tunica intima is the inner layer of a vessel. It is made up of what fibers?

A

Endothelial lining and surrounding layer of connective tissue

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6
Q

In arteries, the outer margin of the tunica intima contains a thick layer of elastic fibers called what?

A

Internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

The ___ ___ is the middle layer of a vessel and is made up of concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue in a framework of loos connective tissue.

A

Tunica media

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8
Q

The external elastic membrane separates what?

A

The tunica media fr the tunica externa

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9
Q

The tunica extrerna is the outer layer of a vessel that forms what?

A

Connective tissue sheath

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10
Q

In ____, the tunica externa contains collagen fibers w/scattered bands of elastic fibers

A

Arteries

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11
Q

In ___, the tunica externa is generally thicker than the tunica media & contains networks of elastic fibers & bundles of smooth muscle cells.

A

Veins

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12
Q

T or F: The walls of arteries & veins are too thick to allow diffusion.

A

True

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13
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

Sm arteries & veins that supply smooth muscle cells & fibroblasts of tunica media & tunica externa in lg vessels

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14
Q

Which contains more smooth muscle and elastic fibers; an artery or a vein?

A

Artery

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15
Q

When a/an ____ constricts its endothelium is thrown into folds giving it a pleated appearance.

A

Artery

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16
Q

What is it in a vain that prevents backflow of blood into the capillaries?

A

Valves

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17
Q

Vasoconstriction of arterial smooth muscle is caused by stimulation of what division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division

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18
Q

What 3 things about the circulatory sys do vasoconstriction or vasodilation affect?

A

Afterload on the heart
Peripheral BP
Capillary blood flow

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19
Q

Elastic arteries are also known as conducting arteries. Why?

A

B/c they carry lg vols of blood away from the heart

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20
Q

What happens to BP & elastic arteries during ventricular systole?

A

BP rises & arteries expand as stroke vol is ejected

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21
Q

What happens to BP & elastic fibers during ventricular diastole?

A

BP falls & arteries return to their original size

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22
Q

What is the name given to arteries that distribute blood to the bodies skeletal muscles and internal organs?

A

Muscular or distribution arteries

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23
Q

Superficial arteries are important as ___ ___.

A

Pressure Points

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24
Q

When local arterial pressure exceeds the capacity of elastic components of the tunics an ___ occurs.

A

Aneurysm

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25
Q

What are the 3 components of a fenestrated capillary?

A

Pores
Endothelial cells
Basement membrane

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26
Q

What are the 2 components of a continuous capillary?

A

Endothelial cells

Basement membrane

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27
Q

What 3 components make up and arteriole?

A

Smooth Muscle
Endothelium
Basement membrane

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28
Q

What are the 2 components of a venule?

A

Tunica externa

Endothelium

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29
Q

What are the only vessels that allow for exchange between blood and surrounding interstitial fluid?

A

Capillaries

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30
Q

Which capillaries have the following characteristics:
- In all tissues except epithelia & cartilage
- Permit water, sm solutes & lipid soluble
material to diffuse into interstitial fluid
- Prevent loss of blood cells & plasma proteins

A

Continuous Capillaries

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31
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Mvmt of materials by endo- or exocytosis at the inner endothelial surface

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32
Q

___ ___ contain windows or pores that penetrate the endothelial lining,

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the pores on fenestrated capillaries?

A

Rapid exchange of water & solutes between plasma & interstitial fluid

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34
Q

____ resemble fenestrated capillaries that are flattened and irregular shape.

A

Sinusoids

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35
Q

What type of capillary has the following characteristics:
- Gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
- Thin or absent basement membrane
- Permit free exchange of water & solutes as lg
as plasma proteins

A

Sinusoidal Capillaries

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36
Q

____ function not as individual units but rather as part of an interconnected network called a bed or plexus.

A

Capillaries

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37
Q

What do capillaries empty into?

A

Venules

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38
Q

The entrance to each capillary is guarded by what?

A

Precapillary sphincter

39
Q

The passageway that forms the entrance to capillaries fr arterioles or the exit to venules is known as what?

A

Metarteriole or precapillary arteriole

40
Q

In between metarterioles, are passageways that resemble typical capillaries in structure and are called what?

A

Thoroughfare channels

41
Q

More than one artery may supply a capillary bed. The multiple arteries are known as ___.

A

Collaterals

42
Q

The fusion of 2 collateral arteries that supply a capillary bed is an example of ___ ___.

A

Arterial anastomosis

43
Q

___ ___ are direct connections between arterioles and venues.

A

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

44
Q

What occurs when an arteriovenous anastomoses are dilated?

A

Blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows directly into venous circulation

45
Q

The pattern of blood flow through an arteriovenous anastomoses is regulated by ___ innervation under the ctrl of the cardiovascular centers of the ___ ___.

A

Sympathetic

Medulla Oblongata

46
Q

What is angiogenesis and what directs it?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

47
Q

The cycling of contraction & relaxation of smooth muscles that changes blood flow through capillary beds is called ____.

A

Vasomotion

48
Q

What controls vasomotor?

A

Changes in concentrations of chemicals & dissolved gasses in interstitial fluids

49
Q

The smallest venous vessels w/an internal diameter of 20 um are ___.

A

Venules

50
Q

Medium-sized veins are comparable to ___ ___ ranging in size fr __ - __ mm.

A

Muscular arteries

2-9mm

51
Q

___ ___ include the superior & inferior venae cavae & their tributaries within the abdominopelvic & thoracic cavities.

A

Large veins

52
Q

What are valves?

A

Folds of tunica intima that prevent backflow in the venous system

53
Q

Define venous return.

A

Rate of blood flow back to the heart

54
Q

The relationship between the vol of blood contained in a vessel and BP is known as what?

A

Capacitance of a blood vessel

55
Q

Vessels which expand easily & can accommodate lg changes in blood vol are known as ___ vessels.

A

Capacitance

56
Q

The constriction of veins in what 3 organs can redistribute a significant portion of blood vol?

A

Liver
Skin
Lungs

57
Q

The amt of blood that can be shifted fr veins in the liver, skin and lungs to general circulation is called the ___ ___.

A

Venous reserve

58
Q

Describe a pressure gradient as it relates to blood vessels.

A

The difference in pressure fr one end of the vessel to the other

59
Q

What term is given to BP within the capillary walls?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

60
Q

Venous pressure is what?

A

BP within the venous system

61
Q

What term describes the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system?

A

Total Peripheral Resistance

62
Q

What 3 factors affect the total peripheral resistance?

A

Vascular resistance
Blood Viscosity
Turbulence

63
Q

What 2 factors affect vascular resistance?

A

Vessel length

Vessel diameter

64
Q

___ is the resistance to flow caused by interactions among molecules and suspended materials within a liquid.

A

Viscosity

65
Q

High flow rates, irregular surfaces & sudden changes in vessel diameter upset smooth blood flow by creating eddies & swirls. This phenomenon is know as what?

A

Turbulence

66
Q

The vol of blood flowing per unit of time through a vessel or grp of vessels is know as what?

A

Blood flow

67
Q

The hydrostatic pressure in the arterial system is called ___ ___.

A

Blood Pressure

68
Q

The term describing the pressure difference between the base of the ascending aorta & the entrance to the right atria is ___ ___.

A

Circulatory pressure

69
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure.

A

Pressure exerted by a liquid in response to an applied force

70
Q

Define peripheral resistance.

A

The resistance in the arterial system

71
Q

As arteries branch their total cross sectional area increases affecting BP how?

A

Causing it to fall rapidly

72
Q

As the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases from the aorta toward the capillaries the velocity of blood flow does what?

A

Decreases

73
Q

The peak BP measured during ventricular systole is called ___ ___.

A

Systolic pressure

74
Q

The minimum BP at the end of ventricular diastole is called ___ ___.

A

Diastolic pressure

75
Q

Pulse pressure is the difference between what and what?

A

Systolic and Diastolic pressure

76
Q

How do we calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

Add 1/3 of the pulse pressure to diastolic pressure

77
Q

What is the effect of HTN on the heart?

A

Increases workload
Ventricular enlargement
Greater demand for O2
Possible ischemia

78
Q

As systolic pressure climbs arterial walls stretch to accommodate ventricular systole but when diastole begins, BP falls & arteries recoil. This phenomenon is called what?

A

Elastic rebound

79
Q

Explain respiratory pump.

A

Changes in thoracic pressure due to inhalation and exhalation assists in moving blood in the venous system

80
Q

Define diffusion.

A

Net mvmt of ions or molecules fr an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

81
Q

What are 3 variables that make diffusion occur most rapidly?

A

Short distances
Lg concentration gradient
Ions or molecules are small

82
Q

___ is the removal of solutes as a solution flows across a porous membrane.

A

Filtration

83
Q

What occurs during capillary filtration?

A

Water & sm solutes are forced across a capillary wall leaving larger solutes & suspended proteins in the blood stream

84
Q

Filtration takes place at what part of a capillary and why?

A

Primarily at the arterial end b/c hydrostatic pressure is highest

85
Q

The term used to describe the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is what?

A

Osmosis

86
Q

The presence of suspended proteins that cannot cross capillary walls creates an osmotic pressure called __ __ __ pressure.

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic

87
Q

What are the 4 functions of the mvmt of water out of capillaries, through peripheral tissues & back in bloodstream via lymphatic sys?

A
  1. Constant comms between plasma & interstitial fluid
  2. Accelerates distribution of nutrients, hormones, dissolved gasses
  3. Transport of insoluble lipids & tissue proteins that can’t cross capillary walls
  4. Flushing action that carries bacterial toxins & other chemicals
88
Q

What is net hydrostatic pressure?

A

Difference between pressure inside capillary walls & hydrostatic pressure

89
Q

Net ___ ___ pressure tends to push water & solutes out of capillaries & into interstitial fluid.

A

Capillary Hydrostatic

90
Q

What does net capillary colloid osmotic pressure do to water & solutes?

A

Tends to pull them into a capillary fr interstitial fluid

91
Q

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the different between what and what?

A

Net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure

92
Q

When net filtration pressure is positive what will fluid tend to do?

A

Move out of capillaries into interstitial fluid

93
Q

When net filtration pressure is negative what will fluid tend to do?

A

Move into capillaries (reabsorption)

BI 212 (7 decks)

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