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biology - module 5 & 6 > chapter 22 - biotech and cloning > Flashcards

chapter 22 - biotech and cloning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A
  • asexual reproduction by plants
  • new plants grow from parts of parent plants and are genetically identical
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2
Q

What are some examples of vegetative propagation?

A
  • the onion of bulbs
  • the potato of tubers
  • the ginger of rhizomes
  • the strawberry of runners
  • the elm of suckers
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3
Q

What are the two types of artificial plant cloning ?

A
  • cuttings
  • tissue culture
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4
Q

What is the process of cuttings when artificially cloning a plant?

A
  • remove the shoot tip
  • clean cut through the xylem and phloem
  • apply rooting powder to cut end (contains auxin)
  • transfer to soil
  • control conditions (propagator or greenhouse)
  • roots + shoots develop
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5
Q

What is the process of enucleation and somatic cell transfer?

A
  • enucleate(remove the nucleus) an egg cell
  • remove a nucleus from a somatic cell (diploid body cell)
  • inject somatic nucleus into enucleated egg cell
  • then an electro shock is carried out
  • embryo grown in vitro(test tube) until embryo splits (blastocyst)
  • embryo inserted into the womb of a surrogate mother
  • embryo is genetically identical to parent who donated the somatic nucleus
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5
Q

What is the process of tissue culture when artificially cloning a plant?

A
  • take small pieces from parent plant(shoot tip)
  • Sterilize explant to kill microorganisms (bleach)
  • use aseptic technique
  • put on a growth medium(agar plate), containing glucose and amino acids and nitrates
  • add growth hormones (auxin and cytokinin)
  • this forms the callus (unspecialised cells)
  • subdivide callus to make many cells
  • change plant hormone ratio, the roots and shoots start to form
  • transfer to soil (propagator)
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5
Q

What are the three types of animal cloning?

A
  • enucleation and somatic cell nuclear transfer
  • artificial embryo twinning
  • natural cloning
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6
Q

What is the process of artificial embryo twinning?

A
  • egg is fertilised in vitro(zygote formed)
  • zygote divides to form an embryo
  • unspecialised early embryo cells are separated
  • each cell develops into a new embryo
  • embryo grown in vitro
  • until embryo splits
  • embryo inserted into womb of a surrogate mother
  • embryo genetically identical to each other (not either parent)
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7
Q

What is the process of natural cloning?

A
  • occurs naturally
  • fertilised egg forms the embryo
  • embryo splits into two or more cells
  • identical twin are produced
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8
Q

What are the uses of animal cloning?

A
  • used in farming, make exact copies of high yielding phenotypes(high milk yield)
  • transformed organisms can be used to make useful products
  • source of embryonic stem cells
  • conservation of highly endangered species
  • drug research
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9
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of both animal and plant cloning?

A

advantages:
- all offspring will be genetically identical
- will have the desired trait
- faster than artificial selection
- infertile organisms can be reproduced
disadvantages:
- no genetic diversity in offspring so are more susceptible to disease
- cloning success rate is low
- expensive + labour intensive

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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of just animal cloning?

A

advantages:
- all offspring will be the same sex
- avoids mating risks
disadvantages:
- cloned animals have a shorter lifespan

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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of just plant cloning?

A

advantages:
- faster than growing from seeds
- plants can be cultured indoors
- can be produced at any season
disadvantages:
- contamination can destroy whole crop

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12
Q

What is biotechnology?

A
  • commercial use of living organisms / enzymes to make useful products
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13
Q

What are the advantages of biotechnology?

A
  • fast growth + reproduction
  • easy + cheap to culture
  • done at low temps and low pressures
  • microorganisms can be genetically engineered
  • products easy to purify + separate
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of biotechnology?

A
  • can be contaminated easily as there are ideal conditions for microorganisms
  • less publicly accepted as the the food is grown on waste
15
Q

What are the three uses of biotech?

A
  • food
  • drugs
  • industry
16
Q

how is biotech used in drugs?

A
  • penicillion made from fungus penicillion
  • insulin made from transformed bacteria
17
Q

how is biotech used in food?

A
  • cheese made from fungi in blue cheese
  • yoghurt is made from lactobacillius
  • beer and bread is made from yeast
  • mycoprotein is made from fungus
18
Q

how is biotech used in industry?

A
  • enzymes, lipases in detergents
  • biogas, yeast
19
Q

what are the two ways in which results are produced from working with biotech and microorganisms?

A
  • batch culture
  • continous culture
20
Q

What are the 4 stages of batch culture?

A
  • lag phase
  • log phase (exponential)
  • stationary phase
  • death phase
21
Q

Explain what is happening in the 4 stages of batch culture

A

Lag phase:
- genes activated(lactose permease)
- this means that enzymes are transcribed and translated
- substrate starts being broken down
- slow population growth
Log phase:
- rapid population growth
- abundant nutrients
- cell production > than cell death
stationary phase:
- cell production = cell death
- lack of nurtrients/build up of waste products
- carrying capacity reached
Death phase:
- cell death > than cell production
- lack of nutrients/ build of waste
- expression of antimicrobial compounds

22
Q

What is the method for batch culture ?

A
  • closed fermentation vessel used:
  • this means that microorganism + nutrients added at the start and nothing added or removed
  • products seperated at the end
  • temp is usually controlled (e.g water jacket)
  • puddles/aeroters used to stir, this evens the distrubution of nutrients
  • nutrients depleted at the end
23
Q

what is the method for continous culture?

A
  • open fermentation vessel
  • nutrients added and products removed at a constant rate
  • maintains microorganisms in exponential phase
  • conditions kept constant (e.g. temperature, ph, glucose, o2)
24
Q

What are immobilised enzymes?

A
  • enzymes that are attached to inert materials, this makes them more stable (ph + temp) and easier to remove from the product
25
Q

what are the types of immobilised enzymes?

A
  • bind enzymes onto a matrix(e.g cellulose)
  • ionic bond onto a solid support (e.g resin/glass)
  • covalently bond onto substrate(cellulose/another enzyme)
  • Enlcose on a partially permeable membrane(microcapsules)
  • immobilise inside beads(alginate)
26
Q

What are the advantages of using immobilised enzymes over free enzymes?

A
  • enzymes can be reused, the less that are used the more money saved
  • purification costs reduced
  • more stable so function at higher temps and wider range of ph
  • many enzymes can be used together

biology - module 5 & 6 (12 decks)

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