chapter 22

Question 1

field of study that considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales and examines how they influence individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

Answer 1

Landscape ecology

Question 2

long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area.

Answer 2

Legacy effects

Question 3

Eskers are the remnants of streams of water that flowed inside glaciers; as the streams flowed, they deposited soil and rock on the streambed.

After the glaciers melted, the streams appeared as long, winding hills.
This is an example of

Answer 3

legacy effects

Question 4

How do humans act as ecosystem engineers?

Answer 4

constructing buildings, dams, irrigation channels, etc.

Question 5

villages & farms built and abandoned by romans which broken down building materials contributed to minerals in soil is an example of what?

Answer 5

Habitat heterogeneity

Question 6

the number of species in a relatively small area of homogenous habitat, such as a stream.

Answer 6

Local (i.e., alpha) diversity

Question 7

the number of species in all of the habitats that comprise a large geographic area.

Answer 7

Regional (i.e., gamma) diversity

Question 8

a graphical relationship in which increases in area (A) are associated with increases in the number of species (S); the curve can be described by the equation

Answer 8

Species-area curve

Question 9

Species-area curve eqution

Answer 9

S=cA^z

Question 10

causes an increase in the amount of edge habitat compared to the original unfragmented habitat.

Answer 10

Fragmentation

Question 11

Species that prefer edge habitat increase in abundance when what occurs?

Answer 11

fragmentation

Question 12

increase gene flow and genetic diversity

Answer 12

Corridors

Question 13

Declining populations in habitat patches can be sustained by

Answer 13

the dispersal of organisms between patches via habitat corridors

Question 14

small intervening habitat patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats

Answer 14

Stepping stones

Question 15

what did macarthur and wilson observe about islands closer to the mainland

Answer 15

islands closer to the mainland appeared to receive more colonizing species.

Question 16

Among islands of similar size, near islands contained

Answer 16

more bird species than far islands.

Question 17

They found that larger islands contained

Answer 17

more species

Question 18

how did macarthur and wilson test the hypothesis that species richness is determined by both island area and isolation

Answer 18

they
measured bird species richness on
25 islands in the South Pacific.

Question 19

The effects of patch size and isolation are similar

Answer 19

across multiple types of habitat.

Question 20

Daniel Simberloff and E. O. Wilson conducted a manipulative experiment to test effects of

Answer 20

habitat size and isolation.

Question 21

On a set of islands in the Florida Keys, they observed that islands closer to the mainland had

Answer 21

more insect species than islands farther from the mainland.

Question 22

a theory stating that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between the colonization of new species and the extinction of existing species

Answer 22

Equilibrium theory of island biogeography

Question 23

As more species colonize the island, more species are subject to

Answer 23

possible extinction due to chance and negative interactions (e.g., competition, predation, parasitism).

Question 24

on a global scale where is biodiversity at its higherst

Answer 24

near the equator

Question 25

where does biodiversity decline

Answer 25

towards the poles

Question 26

examines ecological patterns and processes at large spatial scales

Answer 26

landscape ecology

Question 27

the number of species increases with?

Answer 27

area

Question 28

the equilibrium theory of island biogeography incorporates

Answer 28

area and isolation

Question 29

Current diversity arose in response to

Answer 29

past environmental conditions

Question 30

movement of landmasses across Earth’s surface

Answer 30

Continental drift

Question 31

the single landmass that existed on Earth ~250 Mya and subsequently split into Laurasia and Gondwana

Answer 31

Pangaea

Question 32

the northern landmass that separated from Pangaea ~150 Mya and subsequently split into North America, Europe, and Asia.

Answer 32

Laurasia

Question 33

the southern landmass that separated from Pangaea and split into South America, Africa, Antarctica, and India

Answer 33

Gondwana

Question 34

6 distinct biogeographic regions

Answer 34

• neartic
• neotropical
• afrotropical
• paleartic
• indomalayan
• australian

Question 35

allowed species to independently evolve in different regions of the Earth

Answer 35

Separation of continents

Question 36

allowed groups of organisms unique to one landmass to move into new areas

Answer 36

joining of continents

Question 37

established six distinct biogeographic regions that contain unique groups of organisms

Answer 37

The separation and joining of continents