chapter 11

Question 1

the pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population.

Answer 1

Spatial structure

Question 2

the range of abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, salinity) under which a species can persist.

Answer 2

fundamental niche

Question 3

: the range of abiotic & biotic conditions under which a species can persist

Answer 3

realized niche

Question 4

measure of the total area covered by a population (e.g., temperature and drought define the range of sugar maple).

Answer 4

geographic range

Question 5

creates geographic ranges that are composed of small patches of suitable habitat.

Answer 5

Small-scale variation in the EVR

Question 6

The Lewis’ monkeyflower lives at high elevations, whereas the scarlet monkeyflower lives at low elevations.

When planted outside their natural elevations, the two species grew poorly and experienced lower survival.
what does this suggest?

Answer 6

plants are limited by unsuitable environmental conditions.

Question 7

general rule about population growth

Answer 7

populations can grow larger in more suitable habitats.

Question 8

what does understanding the realized niche of a species help with

Answer 8

species aids in species conservation and can help to limit the spread of invasive species.

Question 9

the process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species.

Answer 9

Ecological niche modeling

Question 10

range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species (differs from the realized niche, which describes conditions in which a species currently exists).

Answer 10

Ecological envelope

Question 11

what do researchers use to predict potential geographic range of a species when few individuals exist?

Answer 11

researchers can use historic distributions of species.

Question 12

Temperature change can cause

Answer 12

a shift in the geographic range of species.

Question 13

) What is the difference between pop. distribution and population dispersion?

Answer 13

Population dispersion is the spacing of individuals with respect to one another within a population.

Question 14

species that live in a single, often isolated, location.

Answer 14

Endemic

Question 15

species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents.

Answer 15

Cosmopolitan:

Question 16

total # of individuals in a pop. that exist w/in a defined area (e.g., total number of lizards on a mountain).

Answer 16

Abundance

Question 17

The total abundance of a population provides a measure of

Answer 17

whether a population is thriving or on the brink of extinction.

Question 18

the number of individuals per unit area or volume; calculated by dividing abundance by area

Answer 18

Density

Question 19

where does the largest density of indiviiduals typically occur?

Answer 19

near the center of a population’s geographic range.

Question 20

What mechanisms could cause evenly spaced distributions of individuals w/in pops.?

Answer 20

E. territorial animals

Question 21

the spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population.

Answer 21

Dispersion

Question 22

when individuals are aggregated in discrete groups (e.g., social groups or clustering around resources).

Answer 22

Clustered dispersion

Question 23

when each individual maintains a uniform distance between itself and its neighbors (e.g., defended territories, croplands).

Answer 23

Evenly spaced dispersion

Question 24

when the position of each individual is independent of other individuals; not common due to non-random environmental heterogeneity

Answer 24

Random dispersion

Question 25

the movement of individuals from one area to another.

Answer 25

Dispersal

Question 26

the seasonal movement of individuals back and forth between habitats.

Answer 26

migration

Question 27

counting every individual in a population.

Answer 27

Census

Question 28

surveys that define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all of the individuals in the space.

Answer 28

Area- and volume-based surveys

Question 29

surveys that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line.

Answer 29

Line-transect surveys

Question 30

method of population estimation in which researchers capture and mark a subset of a population from an area, return it to the area, and capture a second sample of the population after time has passed.

Answer 30

Mark-recapture survey

Question 31

The American bullfrog is native to eastern NA, but it has been moved by humans and thrives in western NA. What does this suggest about the cause of the bullfrog’s historical range limit?

Answer 31

It was caused by an environmental barrier.

Question 32

the absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal.

Answer 32

Dispersal limitation

Question 33

a strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal (e.g., a narrow band of trees that connects forests).

Answer 33

Habitat corridor

Question 34

when a large population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolated patches.

Answer 34

Subpopulations

Question 35

what happens When dispersal is infrequent

Answer 35

each subpopulation fluctuates independently.

Question 36

population model that builds upon the basic metapopulation model and accounts for the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality.

Answer 36

Source-sink metapopulation model

Question 37

in high-quality habitats, subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers within a metapopulation.

Answer 37

Source subpopulation

Question 38

in low-quality habitats, subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation.

Answer 38

Sink subpopulation:

Question 39

a population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix (e.g., habitat corridors).

Answer 39

Landscape metapopulation model