chapter 14

Question 1

introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species.

Answer 1

Invasive species

Question 2

species are introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed.

Answer 2

Introduced, exotic, or non-native

Question 3

unique type of predator that can also limit the abundance of prey.

Answer 3

Parasitoids

Question 4

relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores (e.g., coyotes, weasels, feral cats).

Answer 4

Mesopredators

Question 5

predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators (e.g., mountain lions, wolves, sharks).

Answer 5

Top predators

Question 6

The effects of herbivores may be seen by

Answer 6

fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing.

Question 7

The synchrony of population cycles between consumers and the populations they consume suggests

Answer 7

that these oscillations are the result of interactions between them.

Question 8

conducted a series of experiments using western predatory mites as predators and six-spotted mites as prey.

Answer 8

Carl Huffaker

Question 9

Wooden posts were placed on trays as jumping points between oranges to give

Answer 9

prey mites a dispersal advantage

Question 10

a model of predator-prey interactions that incorporates oscillations in predator and prey populations and shows predator numbers lagging behind those of their prey.

Answer 10

Lotka-Volterra model

Question 11

N =

Answer 11

number of prey

Question 12

P =

Answer 12

number of predators

Question 13

c =

Answer 13

probability of an encounter between a predator and prey leading to the prey’s capture

Question 14

a =

Answer 14

the efficiency of a predator converting consumed prey into predator offspring

Question 15

m =

Answer 15

per capita mortality rate of predators

Question 16

the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable

Answer 16

Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline

Question 17

the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations.

Answer 17

Joint population trajectory

Question 18

the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross

Answer 18

Joint equilibrium point

Question 19

relationship btw the density of prey & an individual predator’s rate of food consumption

Answer 19

Functional response

Question 20

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption increases in a linear fashion with an increase in prey density until satiation occurs.

Answer 20

Type I functional response

Question 21

when a predator’s rate of prey consumption begins to slow as prey density increases and then plateaus; often happens because predators must spend more time handling more prey

Answer 21

Type II functional response

Question 22

when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively.

Answer 22

Type III functional response

Question 23

Low consumption at low prey densities may occur for 3 reasons

Answer 23

1. Prey can easily find refuges to hide.
2. Predators may have less practice at locating and catching prey but develop a search image at higher prey densities.

Search image: a learned mental image that helps a predator locate and capture food.

3. Predators may exhibit prey switching by changing their diet preferences to the more abundant prey

Question 24

a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration.

Answer 24

Numerical response

Question 25

occurs when a prey moves away from a predator

Answer 25

Spatial avoidance

Question 26

camouflage that either allows an individual to match its environment or breaks up the outline of an individual to blend in better with the background (e.g., katydids, horned lizards).

Answer 26

Crypsis

Question 27

when palatable species evolve warning

coloration that resembles unpalatable species (e.g., hover flies and hornet clearwings resemble the common wasp).

Answer 27

Batesian mimicry

Question 28

Defense costs can reduce

Answer 28

growth, development, and reproduction

Question 29

when two or more species affect each other’s evolution; selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators.

Answer 29

Coevolution

Question 30

crab and mussel are exaples of

Answer 30

coevolution

Question 31

e.g., sharp spines, hair) deter herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits.

Answer 31

Structural defenses