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BIO310 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Which two stages of the cell cycle are best for producing a karyotype?

A

Metaphase and prometaphase

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2
Q

What is the name of the stain used for producing the banding patterns found on chromosomes?

A

Giemsa stain

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3
Q

What name is given to the bands observed on chromosomes?

A

G-bands

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4
Q

In addition to their length, what other chromosomal feature is easily observed in a karyotype?

A

The position of the centromere

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5
Q

What term describes a chromosome whose centromere is close to the middle?

A

Metacentric

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6
Q

What term describes the two arms of a chromosome?

A

p-arm and q-arm

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7
Q

Which chromosome arm is shorter?

A

p-arm

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8
Q

Do chromosome band numbers increase or decrease closer to the telomere?

A

Increase

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9
Q

Is a gene located at 6q16.1 closer to the centromere or telomere than 6q21.2?

A

Centromere

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10
Q

What is the general term for a “jumping gene” that can copy and insert itself into multiple locations in the genome?

A

Transposon

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11
Q

What type of deletion involves the removal of an internal section of DNA?

A

Interstitial deletion

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12
Q

Is Cri-du-chat syndrome the result of a deletion of a piece of a chromosome or the entire chromosome?

A

A piece of a chromosome

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13
Q

What is the fancy term for a gene paralog picking up a new function?

A

Neofunctionalization

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14
Q

Genes that share a common ancestral gene are considered what?

A

Homologs

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15
Q

In the human genome, similar genes that encode different versions of a protein are called what?

A

Paralogs

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16
Q

What are proteins called that perform similar but not identical reactions, or may be expressed in different conditions?

A

Isoforms

17
Q

Inversions that span the centromere are called what?

A

Pericentric inversions

18
Q

What structure must form during synapsis to align homologous regions of chromosomes with inversions?

A

Inversion loop

19
Q

Chromosomal mutations like inversions and translocations may contribute to what biological phenomenon?

A

Emergence of new species

20
Q

Are polyploid cells considered euploid or aneuploid?

A

Euploid

21
Q

What is the chromosome condition of cells with 1n, 2n, and 3n sets of chromosomes?

A

Haploid, diploid, triploid

22
Q

A cell missing one chromosome is said to have what type of aneuploidy?

A

Monosomy

23
Q

What is the most common autosomal aneuploidy in humans?

A

Trisomy 21

24
Q

What is the name of the technique used to screen for aneuploidies in cells?

A

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

25
Q

What prenatal diagnostic procedure allows doctors to check chromosome numbers?

A

Amniocentesis

26
Q

What is the process called when the spindle improperly segregates chromosomes?

A

Nondisjunction

27
Q

What sex chromosome condition results in Turner Syndrome?

A

XO (Monosomy X)

28
Q

What condition is characterized by an individual with an extra X chromosome (XXY)?

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

29
Q

What happens to extra X chromosomes in cells, making their aneuploidies less harmful?

A

They are inactivated (form Barr bodies).

30
Q

What happens to a gamete with an extra chromosome during nondisjunction?

A

It also creates a gamete missing that chromosome.

31
Q

Does the incidence of aneuploidies at birth increase with maternal age?

A

Yes

32
Q

Why are sex chromosome aneuploidies less harmful than autosomal aneuploidies?

A

Many sex chromosomes can be inactivated in each cell.

33
Q

What is the karyotype for Turner Syndrome?

A

XO (Monosomy X)

34
Q

What are the developmental effects of Turner Syndrome?

A

Development of female sex characteristics

35
Q

Does Triple-X Syndrome (XXX) typically lead to noticeable differences in individuals?

A

No

36
Q

Do individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) have Barr bodies in their cells?

A

Yes

37
Q

Which chromosome is inactivated in individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

X chromosome

38
Q

When do many individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome discover their condition?

A

When seeking treatment for infertility

BIO310 (6 decks)

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