Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO310 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes store their DNA in a region called the ______ Is this membrane-bound?____

A

nucleoid, no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the asexual cell division process called in prokaryotes?

A

Binary fission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the asexual cell division process called in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the sexual cell division process called in eukaryotes?

A

Meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do prokaryotes have a sexual cell division process?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In prokaryotes, chromosomes are attached to the

A

plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which process helps drive chromosomes apart during cell division in prokaryotes?

A

Elongation of the cell and anchoring chromosomes to the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells need to separate during cell division?

A

Typically one, as they usually have a single circular chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What protein is needed to help prokaryotic cells undergo cytokinesis? _____. What protein does this resemble in eukaryotes? ______.

A

FtsZ, Tubulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A cell that contains two homologous copies of each chromosome is 2N, or

A

diploid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A spread of condensed chromosomes that can be analyzed with a microscope is called a

A

karyotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are chromosomes typically numbered in an organism’s genome?

A

From largest to smallest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Homologous chromosomes typically differ from one another’s sequences by less than ____. The sequences are often used to fix one another during _____ DNA Repair (HDR). This often results in ___ conversion.

A

homologous, gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A gene differs in sequence from the homologous gene on the other chromosome. These two sequences are known as

A

alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The locus of a gene for scale color is found 10,000 bp in from the end of a lizard chromosome. What kind of gene is found at this locus on the homologous chromosome?

A

A homologous gene with similar function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two reasons cells might undergo mitotic cell division?

A
  1. Growth and development
  2. Repair and replacement of damaged or dead cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What four steps must happen for any cell to undergo division?

A

DNA replication
Chromosome segregation
Cytokinesis
Growth and preparation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the signal for a yeast cell to enter the cell cycle?

A

Nutrient availability or mating factor signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does a zygote need an outside signal to tell it to divide the first few times?

A

No, it divides autonomously based on inherited signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the nature of the signal that tells a skin stem cell to divide and replace the cells lost to a cut?

A

Chemical signals like growth factors and local injury signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In which phase are the chromosomes not visible?

A

Interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In which phase are the chromosomes visible?

A

M phase (mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name of the time between the origin of a new cell and when DNA synthesis begins?

A

G1 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the name of the time between when DNA synthesis begins and the origin of a new cell?
S phase, followed by G2 and M phases
26
What is the phase of the cell cycle when DNA is being copied?
S phase
27
During G2, how much more DNA does a cell have than when it’s in G1?
Twice as much DNA
28
What protein holds together sister chromatids during S and G2?
Cohesin
29
Which is longer, Interphase or M phase?
Interphase
30
Cells that have differentiated are found in a stage called ____where they turn off their _______. Which stage of the normal cell cycle is this found in the middle of? ______
G0, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), G1 Phase
31
In human cells, would this mean differentiated cells have 23, 46, or 92 pieces of chromosomal DNA?
46 pieces (diploid)
32
If a cell turns off its CDK, that makes it harder for it to start dividing out of control, like it would in a
cancerous state.
33
The job of a G2 cyclin is to ensure the cell stays in which phase of the cell cycle?
G2 phase
34
Cyclins don’t have a catalytic activity of their own. They must bind to a ________. and direct it to phosphorylate different substrates.
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
35
The cell cycle is filled with tasks the cell must complete in order to progress through the cell cycle. What are these called?
Checkpoints
36
Name one checkpoint the cell must pass in order to exit S phase.
The DNA replication checkpoint
37
What is the name of the checkpoint in G1 that cells must pass to enter the cell cycle?
The restriction point (R point)
38
What does the name of the protein Rb stand for?
Retinoblastoma protein
39
What protein does Rb bind? What is the function of this other protein?
E2F; E2F is a transcription factor that activates genes necessary for cell cycle progression.
40
What process are the genes it turns on involved in?
DNA synthesis and S phase entry
41
What causes Rb to release from E2F? In which stage of the cell cycle do you think this happens?
Phosphorylation by CDKs; Late G1
42
Based on its name, mutations in Rb lead to what disorder? Is this a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene?
Retinoblastoma Tumor suppressor gene
43
What tumor suppressor gene can cause the cell cycle to stop due to DNA damage?
p53
44
This protein can also send the cell into ________if the damage is too extensive. This gene needs to be inactivated in order for ________ cells to keep dividing out of control.
apoptosis cancer
45
What four steps must happen during M phase?
Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle forms. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes decondense.
46
Are sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes separated during mitosis?
Sister chromatids
47
When sister chromatids condense, they change how tightly their ______ is wound.
chromatin
48
Sister chromatids result from DNA synthesis in which phase?
S phase
49
At the beginning of _________, what protein is lost from the arms of sister chromatids? _________
anaphase cohesin
50
What kind of protein is this?
A structural protein that holds chromatids together
51
During the early stages of mitosis, chromosomes are held together at what structure?
Centromere
52
What is the name of the motor proteins held at the centromere?
Kinesins and dyneins
53
The mitotic ______ is made up of many microtubules.
spindle apparatus
54
______microtubules extend from the ____ toward the center of the cell.
Kinetochore, spindle pole body
55
____microtubules extend from the _____ toward the back of the cell.
astral spindle pole body
56
The spindle pole bodies contain what solid structure made from very short microtubule sections?
Centrioles
57
The spindle pole bodies are basically duplicate copies of what normal cellular structure?
Centrosomes
58
Places where you can find the origin region of many microtubules are called by what acronym?
MTOCs (Microtubule Organizing Centers)
59
What kind of protein is used to connect the kinetochore to the spindle?
Motor proteins like dyneins and kinesins
60
What process helps to “drag” the chromosomes to the two poles of the cell?
Depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules
61
What are the names of the four stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
62
What is the mnemonic to remember them and their order?
"Please Make A Taco"
63
In what stage does a division furrow appear?
Telophase (during cytokinesis)

BIO310 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions