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BIO310 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes store their DNA in a region called the ______ Is this membrane-bound?____

A

nucleoid, no

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2
Q

What is the asexual cell division process called in prokaryotes?

A

Binary fission.

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3
Q

What is the asexual cell division process called in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis.

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4
Q

What is the sexual cell division process called in eukaryotes?

A

Meiosis.

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5
Q

Do prokaryotes have a sexual cell division process?

A

No.

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6
Q

In prokaryotes, chromosomes are attached to the

A

plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Which process helps drive chromosomes apart during cell division in prokaryotes?

A

Elongation of the cell and anchoring chromosomes to the membrane.

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do prokaryotic cells need to separate during cell division?

A

Typically one, as they usually have a single circular chromosome.

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9
Q

What protein is needed to help prokaryotic cells undergo cytokinesis? _____. What protein does this resemble in eukaryotes? ______.

A

FtsZ, Tubulin.

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10
Q

A cell that contains two homologous copies of each chromosome is 2N, or

A

diploid.

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11
Q

A spread of condensed chromosomes that can be analyzed with a microscope is called a

A

karyotype.

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12
Q

How are chromosomes typically numbered in an organism’s genome?

A

From largest to smallest.

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13
Q

Homologous chromosomes typically differ from one another’s sequences by less than ____. The sequences are often used to fix one another during _____ DNA Repair (HDR). This often results in ___ conversion.

A

homologous, gene

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14
Q

A gene differs in sequence from the homologous gene on the other chromosome. These two sequences are known as

A

alleles.

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15
Q

The locus of a gene for scale color is found 10,000 bp in from the end of a lizard chromosome. What kind of gene is found at this locus on the homologous chromosome?

A

A homologous gene with similar function.

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16
Q

What are two reasons cells might undergo mitotic cell division?

A
  1. Growth and development
  2. Repair and replacement of damaged or dead cells
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17
Q

What four steps must happen for any cell to undergo division?

A

DNA replication
Chromosome segregation
Cytokinesis
Growth and preparation

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18
Q

What is the signal for a yeast cell to enter the cell cycle?

A

Nutrient availability or mating factor signaling

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19
Q

Does a zygote need an outside signal to tell it to divide the first few times?

A

No, it divides autonomously based on inherited signals.

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20
Q

What is the nature of the signal that tells a skin stem cell to divide and replace the cells lost to a cut?

A

Chemical signals like growth factors and local injury signals.

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21
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M phases

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22
Q

In which phase are the chromosomes not visible?

A

Interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases)

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23
Q

In which phase are the chromosomes visible?

A

M phase (mitosis)

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24
Q

What is the name of the time between the origin of a new cell and when DNA synthesis begins?

A

G1 phase

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25
Q

What is the name of the time between when DNA synthesis begins and the origin of a new cell?

A

S phase, followed by G2 and M phases

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26
Q

What is the phase of the cell cycle when DNA is being copied?

A

S phase

27
Q

During G2, how much more DNA does a cell have than when it’s in G1?

A

Twice as much DNA

28
Q

What protein holds together sister chromatids during S and G2?

A

Cohesin

29
Q

Which is longer, Interphase or M phase?

A

Interphase

30
Q

Cells that have differentiated are found in a stage called ____where they turn off their _______. Which stage of the normal cell cycle is this found in the middle of? ______

A

G0, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), G1 Phase

31
Q

In human cells, would this mean differentiated cells have 23, 46, or 92 pieces of chromosomal DNA?

A

46 pieces (diploid)

32
Q

If a cell turns off its CDK, that makes it harder for it to start dividing out of control, like it would in a

A

cancerous state.

33
Q

The job of a G2 cyclin is to ensure the cell stays in which phase of the cell cycle?

A

G2 phase

34
Q

Cyclins don’t have a catalytic activity of their own. They must bind to a ________. and direct it to phosphorylate different substrates.

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

35
Q

The cell cycle is filled with tasks the cell must complete in order to progress through the cell cycle. What are these called?

A

Checkpoints

36
Q

Name one checkpoint the cell must pass in order to exit S phase.

A

The DNA replication checkpoint

37
Q

What is the name of the checkpoint in G1 that cells must pass to enter the cell cycle?

A

The restriction point (R point)

38
Q

What does the name of the protein Rb stand for?

A

Retinoblastoma protein

39
Q

What protein does Rb bind? What is the function of this other protein?

A

E2F; E2F is a transcription factor that activates genes necessary for cell cycle progression.

40
Q

What process are the genes it turns on involved in?

A

DNA synthesis and S phase entry

41
Q

What causes Rb to release from E2F? In which stage of the cell cycle do you think this happens?

A

Phosphorylation by CDKs; Late G1

42
Q

Based on its name, mutations in Rb lead to what disorder?
Is this a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene?

A

Retinoblastoma
Tumor suppressor gene

43
Q

What tumor suppressor gene can cause the cell cycle to stop due to DNA damage?

A

p53

44
Q

This protein can also send the cell into ________if the damage is too extensive.
This gene needs to be inactivated in order for ________ cells to keep dividing out of control.

A

apoptosis
cancer

45
Q

What four steps must happen during M phase?

A

Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle forms.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes decondense.

46
Q

Are sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes separated during mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids

47
Q

When sister chromatids condense, they change how tightly their ______ is wound.

A

chromatin

48
Q

Sister chromatids result from DNA synthesis in which phase?

A

S phase

49
Q

At the beginning of _________, what protein is lost from the arms of sister chromatids? _________

A

anaphase
cohesin

50
Q

What kind of protein is this?

A

A structural protein that holds chromatids together

51
Q

During the early stages of mitosis, chromosomes are held together at what structure?

A

Centromere

52
Q

What is the name of the motor proteins held at the centromere?

A

Kinesins and dyneins

53
Q

The mitotic ______ is made up of many microtubules.

A

spindle apparatus

54
Q

______microtubules extend from the ____ toward the center of the cell.

A

Kinetochore, spindle pole body

55
Q

____microtubules extend from the _____ toward the back of the cell.

A

astral
spindle pole body

56
Q

The spindle pole bodies contain what solid structure made from very short microtubule sections?

A

Centrioles

57
Q

The spindle pole bodies are basically duplicate copies of what normal cellular structure?

A

Centrosomes

58
Q

Places where you can find the origin region of many microtubules are called by what acronym?

A

MTOCs (Microtubule Organizing Centers)

59
Q

What kind of protein is used to connect the kinetochore to the spindle?

A

Motor proteins like dyneins and kinesins

60
Q

What process helps to “drag” the chromosomes to the two poles of the cell?

A

Depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules

61
Q

What are the names of the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

62
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember them and their order?

A

“Please Make A Taco”

63
Q

In what stage does a division furrow appear?

A

Telophase (during cytokinesis)

BIO310 (6 decks)

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