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BIO310 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Where was his monastery?

A

Brno, Czech Republic

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3
Q

What organism did Mendel’s famous work involve?

A

Pea plants (Pisum sativum)

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4
Q

Is “hair color” a trait, a genotype, or a phenotype?

A

phenotype

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5
Q

Is “Height” a trait, a genotype, or a phenotype?

A

Trait

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6
Q

What are two possible phenotypes associated with hair color?

A

Blonde, brown

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7
Q

What are two traits that Mendel worked to understand?

A

Flower color, seed shape

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8
Q

What tool did Mendel use to physically pollinate pea plants?

A

A small brush

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9
Q

Are true breeding plants homozygous or heterozygous?

A

Homozygous

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10
Q

What ratio of purple:white flowers did Mendel observe in the offspring of a true breeding cross?

A

1:0 (all purple)

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11
Q

What ratio of purple:white flowers did Mendel observe in the second generation (F2)?

A

3:1

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12
Q

How many traits did Mendel observe in total?

A

7 traits

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13
Q

What are the “particles” Mendel proposed plants pass to their offspring?

A

Genes

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14
Q

How is the dominant allele represented in genotypes?

A

With a capital letter

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15
Q

How is the recessive allele represented in genotypes?

A

With a lowercase letter

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16
Q

If an individual has two recessive alleles, what phenotype will it show?

A

Recessive phenotype

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17
Q

What is the assortment of alleles an individual has called?

A

Genotype

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18
Q

What is the physical manifestation of a genotype called?

A

Phenotype

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19
Q

If an individual has two dominant alleles, or one dominant and one recessive, what phenotype will it show?

A

Dominant phenotype

20
Q

If a pea plant is PP and another is pp, what color will the offspring be?

A

Purple

21
Q

Is the purple color a genotype or a phenotype?

A

Phenotype

22
Q

What will the genotype of the offspring be in the PP x pp cross?

A

Pp

23
Q

When an individual has two identical alleles, what is it called?

A

Homozygous

24
Q

What is it called when individuals have two different alleles?

A

Heterozygous

25
Q

What is the name of the first generation offspring (from true breeding parents)?

A

F1 (first filial) generation

26
Q

What ratio of genotypes does the F2 generation have when F1 individuals self?

A

1:2:1 (PP:Pp:pp)

27
Q

What tool is used to show potential offspring combinations?

A

Punnett square

28
Q

If you see a purple flower in the wild, can you determine its genotype by sight?

A

No

29
Q

What method helps determine the genotype of an unknown individual?

A

Test cross

30
Q

What genotype did a mystery plant have if a test cross resulted in 43 white and 54 purple offspring?

A

Heterozygous (Pp)

31
Q

What genotype did a mystery purple plant have if a test cross resulted in 54 purple and 0 white offspring?

A

Homozygous dominant (PP)

32
Q

How many possible offspring genotypes result from a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross?

A

16

33
Q

If a parent has the genotype RRYY, what alleles will each column in its Punnett square contain?

A

RY

34
Q

In a dihybrid cross, what genotypes go above each column?

A

RY, Ry, rY, ry

35
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for two different traits.

36
Q

What genotype belongs in the square for rryy?

A

rryy

37
Q

Will the pea with rryy genotype be green or yellow?

A

Green

38
Q

Will the pea with rryy genotype be round or wrinkled?

A

Wrinkled

39
Q

Once a dihybrid cross is filled in, what fraction of the offspring would be yellow and round

A

9/16

40
Q

What fraction of the offspring would be yellow and wrinkled?

A

3/16

41
Q

What fraction of the offspring would be green and round?

A

3/16

42
Q

What fraction of the offspring would be green and wrinkled?

A

1/16

43
Q

What phenotypes result from a test cross between a heterozygote (RrYy) and a homozygous recessive (rryy)?

A

1/4 yellow round, 1/4 yellow wrinkled, 1/4 green round, 1/4 green wrinkled

44
Q

What fraction of offspring would have short branches and large cones in a pine tree cross?

A

3/16

45
Q

What fraction of offspring would have small cones in the same pine tree cross?

A

3/4 (12/16)

46
Q

In pine trees, which alleles are recessive?

A

Alleles for long branches and small cones

BIO310 (6 decks)

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