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Anatomy Physiology Unit 3 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nose

A

allow air to enter the body, filter debris, warm and moisten air

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3
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa

A

thick basement membrane with epithelial cells and goblet cells

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4
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

air chambers near the nose

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5
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

allow time for the air to warm and act as echo chambers

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6
Q

What is the uvula

A

a soft flap of tissue that hangs down in the back of the mouth

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7
Q

What is the function of the uvula

A

close nasopharynx when eating

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8
Q

What is the oropharynx

A

connects pharynx and oral cavity

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9
Q

What is the laryngopharynx

A

where the pharynx divides into the trachea and esophagus

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10
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis

A

prevent food and drink from entering the windpipe

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11
Q

What are the vocal ligaments

A

medial edge of laryngeal triangular membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of the valsalva’s maneuver

A

increases thoracic pressure monitors autonomic functions

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13
Q

What type of cells make up the mucosa of the trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

What is the carina

A

where the trachea splits into the two main stem bronchi

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15
Q

What are the components of the conducting zone (little nancy plays to beat ben)

A

larynx nose pharynx trachea bronchi bronicole

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16
Q

What is the change in epithelial tissue as you move along the conducting zone

A

from pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal

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17
Q

What is the respiratory membrane

A

alveolar capillary barrier

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18
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do

A

produce surfactant to provide alveolar and airway stability

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19
Q

What do alveolar pores do

A

shorten the distance between particles and the alveolar membrane

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20
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do

A

engulf any particle that makes its way into the alveoli and transport it to the bronchioles for removal

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21
Q

What zone includes the alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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22
Q

What zone includes the trachea

A

conducting zone

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23
Q

What is the parietal pleura

A

the lining of the thoracic wall and superior surface of diaphragm

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24
Q

What is the visceral pleura

A

lining of the surface of the lungs

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25
Q

What is pleural fluid

A

liquid between the layers of the pleura

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26
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

space enclosed by the pleura

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27
Q

What is pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

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28
Q

What is negative respiratory pressure

A

lower than atmospheric

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29
Q

What is positive respiratory pressure

A

higher than atmospheric

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30
Q

What is zero respiratory pressure

A

equal to atmospheric

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31
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure

A

force exerted by gases within the alveoli of the lungs during respiration

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32
Q

What is intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within the pleural cavity

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33
Q

What can cause the lungs to pull away from the chest wall

A

pneumothorax

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34
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure

A

the difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures that prevents the collapse of the airway

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35
Q

What factors cause the pleura to pull away from the chest wall

A

recoil of lungs, surface tension of alveolar fluid, and opposed by elasticity of the chest wall

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36
Q

What is atelectasis

A

when both lungs collapse very rare

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37
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung, air in intrapleural space

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38
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

P1V1= P2V2

39
Q

What does the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do

A

contract and pull downward increasing the volume

40
Q

Why do the lungs fill with air

A

movement of diaphragm causes internal pressure to be less than atmospheric so air moves in

41
Q

What are nonrespiratory movements

A

sneezing, coughing, burping, laughing, singing, and talking

42
Q

What are the three physical factors that influence the ease of air passage

A

airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance

43
Q

What does friction do to resistance

A

increases it

44
Q

What is surfactant

A

chemical compounds that decrease surface tension

45
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

not having enough surfactant in lungs which might cause them to collapse

46
Q

What is lung compliance reduced by

A

surfactant production

47
Q

What is lung elasticity

A

lungs can expand by pressures surrounding or inflating lungs and collapse as soon as the latter pressures disappear

48
Q

What is a spirometer

A

measure how much air you can expell

49
Q

What is tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with a respiratory cycle

50
Q

What is a respiratory reserve

A

amount of extra air exhaled in a forceful breath out

51
Q

What is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in the lung after forceful exhalation

52
Q

What is dead space

A

air that fills passageways unavailable for gas exchange

53
Q

What is alveolar dead space causes by

A

alveoli collapse or are obstructed

54
Q

What is the total dead space equation

A

anatomical + alveolar

55
Q

What is obstructive pulmonary disease

A

increased airway resistance

56
Q

What is a restrictive disease

A

reduced TLC due to disease or exposure to environmental agents

57
Q

How is a forced vital capacity test done

A

deep breath and forceful exhalation

58
Q

What is the minute or total ventilation

A

total gas in and out in one minute

59
Q

What is the law of partial pressures

A

total pressure equals the sum of the pressures of each gas

60
Q

what happens to pressure at increased alititude

A

decreases

61
Q

What are hyperbaric conditions

A

elevated ambient pressure used when excess oxygen needed

62
Q

Can you have to much O2 atm

A

yes can cause free radical build up

63
Q

What is gas exchange influenced by

A

partial pressure gradients, gas solubilities, thickness and surface area of membranes, ventilation-perfusion coupling

64
Q

What is partially saturated hemoglobin

A

1-3 sites filled with oxygen

65
Q

What is fully saturated hemoglobin

A

all 4 sites filled with oxygen

66
Q

What is the Hb affinity for oxygen influenced by

A

temp, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide

67
Q

What is Hb saturation in venous blood

A

60-80%

68
Q

What does increased temperature do to Hb affinity for oxygen

A

decreases it

69
Q

What is the bohr effect

A

hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is inversely related to acidity and concentration of carbon dioxude

70
Q

What is hypoxemic

A

below normal level or oxygen in blood

71
Q

What are the three types of carbon dioxide transport

A

chemically bound to Hb, bicarbonate ion in plasma and chloride shift

72
Q

What is chemically bound CO2 transport

A

carboaminohemoglobin binds to AA of globulin

73
Q

Carbonic acid Equation

A

H2O + CO2= H2CO3= HCO3-

74
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that assists in rapid inter-conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid protons and bicarbonate ions

75
Q

What is chloride shift

A

exchange ions in RBC to ensure no build up of electric charge

76
Q

What is hypoxia

A

decreased oxygen carrying ability of blood

77
Q

What is ischemic

A

restricted blood flow

78
Q

What is histotoxic

A

reduction in ATP production due to defect in cellular usage of oxygen

79
Q

What might cause hypoxia

A

COPD, heart failure, pneumonia, bronchitis

80
Q

What is eupnea

A

normal relaxed breathing

81
Q

What nerve is involved in breathing

A

phrenic nerve

82
Q

What is the main factor in breathing rate and depth

A

Carbon dioxide concentration, H+ concentration

83
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

elevated CO2 tension

84
Q

What is apnea

A

breathing stops and starts

85
Q

What are hypothalamic controls

A

act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

86
Q

What are cortical controls

A

direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

87
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex

A

inflation reflex regulated depth of breathing involving stretch receptors and vagus nerves

88
Q

What is hyperpnea

A

breathing deeper or faster than usual

89
Q

What is acute mountain sickness

A

not able to take in enough oxygen

90
Q

What is dyspnea

A

difficulty or labored breathing

91
Q

Why can you not give a person with COPD oxygen

A

it will cause them to stop breathing

92
Q

What is emphysema

A

decreased elasticity of lungs

93
Q

Why is HIV associated with TB

A

HIV+ may test negative when they have the virus because of depressed immune system so they don’t get treatment

94
Q

What are the types of lung cancer

A

small cell lung cancer, squamous cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma

Anatomy Physiology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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