chapter 21: making proteins Flashcards
the central dogma of biology
the process of making proteins from information in DNA
DNA > transcription > mRNA > translation > proteins
when is the only time DNA replication occurs
S phase prior to mitosis or meiosis
what holds the information to make proteins
DNA
genome
what proteins CAN be made?
epigenome
what is the 3-d architecture of DNA
transcriptome
what genes are being expressed
proteome
what proteins ARE being made
metabolome
how is cell function changing
what are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
what are the monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
RNA
- a nucleic acid
- mediates protein synthesis during transcription and translation
- carries protein encoding information
- contains OH group where DNA only has H
four steps to make a transcript
- initiation
- elongation
- termination
- processing
transcription
mRNA copies of genes are made by RNA polymerase
chromatin
DNA + histones
histones
- protein complexes responsible for packing DNA
- determine open or closed state of DNA
euchromatin
copied or used region of DNA; open
heterochromatin
not copied or used; closed
transcription factors
- proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression
- activators promote transcription
- repressors stop transcription
general transcription factors
proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression; these bind upstream of EVERY gene that needs transcribed at a region called the TATAA box; acts as a beacon for RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
- reads DNA 3’ -> 5’ direction
- builds mRNA 5’ -> 3’ direction
- does not need a primer
- can proofread or correct mistakes
didnt mean to put this here oops
youre so brave
