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A&P 2 > Chapter 21: Lymphoid & Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Lymphoid & Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are microorganisms that reside on and in the human body?

A

microbiome

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2
Q

not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

A

immune system

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3
Q

swelling due to interference in lymphatic drainage

A

lymphedema

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4
Q

functions of lymphoid system

A

fluid recovery
immune surveillance
lipid absorption

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5
Q

fluid recovery

A

Fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
Blood capillaries reabsorb 85% and the rest (15%) enters the lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

immune surveillance

A

Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues
Passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
Activates a protective immune response

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7
Q

lipid absorption

A

Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

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8
Q

3 layers of lymphatic vessels

A

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

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9
Q

tunica interna

A

endothelium and valves

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10
Q

tunica media

A

elastic fibers, smooth muscle

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

tunica externa

A

thin outer layer

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13
Q

what do lymphatic trunks form when they converge?

A

two collecting ducts (right and thoracic duct)

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14
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein

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15
Q

thoracic duct

A

larger and longer, begins as a sac in abdomen called the cisterna chyli; receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein

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16
Q

summary of path from tissue fluid back to bloodstream

A

Lymphatic capillaries → collecting vessels → 11 lymphatic trunks → two collecting ducts → subclavian veins

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17
Q

glymphatic system

A

lymphatic-resembling vessels associated with neuroglia
Arteries that penetrate the brain tissue are surrounded in perivascular tunnels containing a mix of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF)
Removal of beta-amyloid protein associated with Alzheimer disease

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18
Q

CSF-ISF composition is regulated by

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

neutrophils

A

antibacterial

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20
Q

natural killer cells (NK)

A

lymphocytes that attack and destroy infected host cells and cancerous cells

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21
Q

T cells

A

mature in thymus

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22
Q

B cells

A

activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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23
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells; are antigen-presenting cells (APCs): they display antigens on surface to alert other immune cells

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24
Q

dendritic cells

A

APCs found in skin, mucous membranes, and lymphoid organs

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25
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

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26
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

lymphocytes are scattered (not densely clustered)

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27
Q

In mucous membranes, diffuse lymphoid tissue is called

A

MALT

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28
Q

lymphoid nodules (follicles)

A

lymphocytes and macrophages gather in dense masses

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29
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • red bone marrow and thymus
  • Sites where T and B cells become immunocompetent
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30
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
  • Locations where immunocompetent cells migrate and populate
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31
Q

immunocompetent

A

able to recognize and respond to antigens

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32
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material separated from osseous tissue by endosteum of bone
    -Involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity
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33
Q

what do blood cells do as they mature in the red bone marrow?

A

they push their way through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter the sinus and flow away in the bloodstream

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34
Q

thymus

A
  • has fibrous capsule gives off trabeculae (septa) that divide the gland into several lobes
  • involved in T cell development
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35
Q

what secretes signaling molecules thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, and interferon

A

thymic epithelial cells

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36
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped structures that cleanse lymph and are sites of lymphocyte activation

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37
Q

parenchyma is divided into what?

A

cortex and medulla

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38
Q

germinal centers in cortex

A

where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

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39
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

lead INTO the node along its convex surface

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40
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph leaves the node

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41
Q

cervical nodes

A

in neck

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42
Q

axillary nodes

A

in armpit

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43
Q

thoracic nodes

A

in thoracic cavity, especially mediastinum

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44
Q

abdominal nodes

A

in posterior abdominopelvic wall

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45
Q

Intestinal and mesenteric nodes

A

in mesenteries and near appendix and intestines

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46
Q

inguinal nodes

A

in groin

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47
Q

popliteal nodes

A

back of knee

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48
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

(localized) swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen

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49
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

(Generalized) collective term for all lymph node diseases

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50
Q

metastasis

A

cancerous cells break free from original primary tumor, travel to other sites in the body and establish new tumors

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51
Q

cancerous nodes are usually?

A

swollen, firm, and painless

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52
Q

tonsils

A
  • patches of lymphoid tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx
  • Guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens
  • Incomplete fibrous capsule
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53
Q

3 main sets of tonsils

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

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54
Q

tonsillitis

A

acute inflammation of palatine tonsils

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55
Q

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

A

on wall of pharynx

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56
Q

palatine tonsils

A

at posterior margin of oral cavity

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57
Q

lingual tonsils

A

concentrated on each side of base of tongue

58
Q

spleen

A

body’s largest lymphoid organ

59
Q

red pulp

A

sinuses fulled with erythrocytes

60
Q

white pulp

A

lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery

61
Q

functions of spleen

A
  • erythrocyte graveyard
  • blood cell production in fetus
  • Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers
  • maintains army of monocytes for release when needed
62
Q

what is highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection?

A

spleen

63
Q

ruptured spleen requires?

A

splenectomy (this leaves person susceptible to future infections and premature death)

64
Q

pathogens

A

agents capable of producing disease, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other microbes

65
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes, which serve as barriers

66
Q

second line of defense

A

protections against pathogens that break the skin, mucous membrane barriers

67
Q

examples of second line defenses

A

Leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, fever, and inflammation

68
Q

third line of defense

A

adaptive immunity, mechanisms that defeat a specific pathogen and leave the body with a memory of it

69
Q

inmate immunity

A
  • defenses we are born with (innate); protect us from broad spectrum of disease agents
  • local effect
  • nonspecific
  • lacks memory
70
Q

adaptive immunity

A

defenses against specific pathogens, developed only upon exposure (adaptive), and maintains immune memory

71
Q

innate immunity contains

A

external barriers, antibacterial proteins, NK cells

72
Q

acid mantle

A

thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth

73
Q

Dermcidin, defensins

A

peptides in skin that kill microbes

74
Q

external barriers

A
  • first line of defense
  • protective features of the skin
  • presence of lysozyme and acid mantle
75
Q

lysozymes

A

enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls

76
Q

antimicrobial proteins contain

A

interferons and complement system

77
Q

interferons

A

serve as an “alarm” to nearby cells

78
Q

complement system

A

group of 30 or more globular proteins that contribute to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity

79
Q

NK cells

A

perforates cell and contributes to cell lysis

80
Q

fever

A
  • abnormal elevation of body temp
  • results from trauma, infections, drug reactions, and brain tumors
81
Q

febrile

A

pertaining to fever

82
Q

defense mechanisms of fever

A
  • Promotes interferon activity
  • Elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair
  • Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
83
Q

reye syndrome

A

serious disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection such as chickenpox or influenza (aspirin use)

84
Q

inflammation

A
  • local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection
  • includes numerous cytokines
85
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain

86
Q

purpose of inflammation

A
  • Limit spread of pathogens, then destroys them
  • Remove debris from damaged tissue and initiate tissue repair
87
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that function in chemical communication between cells

88
Q

inflammation tissue cleanup and repair

A
  • involves monocytes, which arrive in 8 to 12 hours and become macrophages
  • Edema contributes to tissue cleanup
  • pus and abscess
89
Q

pus

A

yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid

90
Q

abscess

A

accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity

91
Q

adaptive immunity serves as which line of defense?

A

third

92
Q

which has systemic effect, specific, and records a memory?

A

adaptive immunity

93
Q

two types of adaptive immunity

A
  • cellular T cell immunity
  • humoral B cell immunity
94
Q

cellular T cell immunity

A
  • Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells
  • Rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells where they are inaccessible to antibodies
  • Also acts against parasitic worms, cancer cells, and transplanted cells
95
Q

humoral B cell immunity

A
  • Mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen but tag it for destruction
  • Effective against extracellular viruses, bacteria, yeasts, protozoans, and molecular (noncellular) disease agents such as toxins, venoms, and allergens
96
Q

natural active immunity

A

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

97
Q

artificial active immunity

A

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

98
Q

vaccine

A

consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing the disease

99
Q

natural passive immunity

A

Fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta, baby acquires them during breast-feeding

100
Q

artificial passive immunity

A
  • Temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal
  • Emergency treatment for snakebite, botulism, tetanus, rabies, and other diseases
101
Q

antigen (Ag)

A
  • any molecule that can bind to antibody
  • have large molecular weights
  • Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids
102
Q

Epitopes (antigenic determinants)

A

certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses

103
Q

Haptens (incomplete antigens)

A
  • too small to be antigenic in themselves
  • May trigger immune response by combining with a host molecule, creating a complex that the body recognizes as foreign
  • Cosmetics, detergents, industrial chemicals, poison ivy, animal dander, penicillin
104
Q

Antibodies (Abs), or immunoglobulins (Igs)

A
  • defensive proteins that play a variety of defensive roles
  • found in membranes of immune cells and some are soluble antibodies
105
Q

IgA

A
  • monomer in plasma; dimer in mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, and intestinal secretions
  • Provides passive immunity to newborns
106
Q

IgD

A
  • monomer; B cell transmembrane antigen receptor
  • Functions in B cell activation by antigens
107
Q

IgE

A
  • monomer; bound to receptors on basophils, mast cells
  • Stimulates release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy
  • Stimulates eosinophil defensive actions against parasites
108
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer; constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies
  • Predominant antibody in secondary immune response, capable of complement fixation, can cross placenta to fetus
109
Q

IgM

A
  • pentamer in plasma and lymph
  • Predominant antibody in primary immune response, strong agglutinating and complement-fixing abilities
110
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

Nk cells, B cells, T cells

111
Q

T cells

A
  • birth in bone marrow
  • training and mature in thymus
112
Q

APCs include

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

113
Q

functions of APCs

A
  • Act as cell “identification tags” that label every cell of your body as belonging to you
  • Structurally unique for each individual, except for identical twins
114
Q

4 classes of T cells

A

cytotoxic cells, helper cells, regulatory cells, and memory cells

115
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

carry out attack

116
Q

helper T cells

A

promote activities of other immune cells

117
Q

regulatory T cells

A

limit the immune response

118
Q

memory cells

A

responsible for memory in cellular immunity

119
Q

general stages of response

A

recognition, attack, memory

120
Q

MHC 1 proteins

A

occur on all nucleated cells, internal peptides are presented on cell surface

121
Q

MHC 2 proteins

A

occur on APCs, external (phagocytosed, foreign) antigens are presented on cell surface

122
Q

MHC restriction

A

cytotoxic T cells respond only to MHC-1 proteins, helper T cells respond only to MHC-2 proteins

123
Q

what are the only T cells that attack other cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells

124
Q

perforin and granzymes

A

kill cells in the same manner as NK cells

125
Q

interferons in attack

A

inhibit viral replication; recruit and activate macrophages

126
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

aids in macrophage activation and kills cancer cells

127
Q

neutralization

A

masking active regions of an antigen (toxin, virus, microbial cell)

128
Q

complement fixation

A

activating complement by the classical pathway

129
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of enemy cells, immobilizing them; clump cleared by phagocytes

130
Q

precipitation

A

antigen molecules (not whole cells) are clumped by antibodies; clumps cleared by phagocytes

131
Q

primary response in memory

A
  • immune reaction brought about by the first exposure to an antigen
  • protective antibodies delayed for 3 to 6 days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells
  • As plasma cells produce antibodies, the antibody titer (level in the blood plasma) rises
  • leaves one with an immune memory of the antigen
132
Q

Secondary (anamnestic) response

A
  • immune response when re-exposed to the same antigen
  • Response is so rapid that the antigen has little chance to exert a noticeable effect on the body
  • no illness results
133
Q

hypersensitivity

A

an excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate

134
Q

Alloimmunity

A

reaction to transplanted tissue from another person

135
Q

Autoimmunity

A

abnormal reactions to one’s own tissues

136
Q

allergies

A

reactions to environmental antigens (allergens)

137
Q

autoimmune diseases

A
  • failures of self-tolerance
  • Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones
  • Produces autoantibodies that attack body’s own tissues
138
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

A

hereditary lack of T and B cells

139
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • Nonhereditary diseases contracted after birth
  • Disease caused by (HIV)
  • HIV invades helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells by “tricking” them to internalize viruses by receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • host is vulnerable to opportunistic infections
140
Q

HIV is a retrovirus which means it

A

uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA, which can then insert into host cell DNA

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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