Chapter 21 Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Question 1

What carries the blood away from the heart?

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

What carries blood to the capillaries?

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

Where are the sites of exchange of substances between the blood and body?

Answer 3

capillaries

Question 4

What receives blood from the capillaries?

Answer 4

venules

Question 5

What carries blood toward the heart?

Answer 5

veins

Question 6

Describe the tunica interna

Answer 6

inner lining of smooth endothelium in a blood vessel

Question 7

Describe the tunica media

Answer 7

composed of smooth muscle that regulates the diameter of the lumen in a vessel

Question 8

Describe tunica externa

Answer 8

thin outer layer that helps anchor the vessel to surrounding tissue

Question 9

What is meant by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction- narrowing of vessels

vasodilation- widening of vessels

Question 10

Why are arteries thicker then veins?

Answer 10

they are under higher presure

Question 11

What does the precapillary sphincter do?

Answer 11

regulates flow into the capillary bed

Question 12

How are the capillaries semi-permeable?

Answer 12

They are made of up of only one layer of endothelial cells

Question 13

What is filtration in regards to the capillary wall?

Answer 13

Movement of fluid out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

Question 14

What is reabsorption in regards to the capillary wall?

Answer 14

movement of fluid out of the interstitial fluid back into the capillary

Question 15

describe diffusion

Answer 15

movement of a solute to an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 16

what is hydrostatic pressure and what does it do

Answer 16

It is pressure exerted within the capillaries at the arteriole end. It forces fluid out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid

Question 17

Put the following in order in regards to hydrostatic pressure from highest pressure to lowest: veins, venules, arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Answer 17

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 18

How does blood colloid pressure affect exchange through the capillary wall?

Answer 18

pulls fluid back into the capillary and helps keep it from collapsing

Question 19

What does hydrostatic pressure do?

Answer 19

pushes fluid out of the capillary wall

Question 20

What does osmotic pressure do?

Answer 20

pulls fluid into the capillary

Question 21

What causes the high osmotic pressure in capillary at the venule end?

Answer 21

plasma proteins

Question 22

What happens to the fluid that is formed in the interstitial space?

Answer 22

it is taken up by the lymphatic system

Question 23

What prevents back flow of blood in the veins?

Answer 23

valves

Question 24

What are the functions of the veins?

Answer 24

return blood back to the heart, blood reservoir,

Question 25

How is blood flow through the veins affected by the skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 25

the muscle squeezes the veins and milks the blood in one direction

Question 26

How is blood flow through the veins affected by the respiratory pump?

Answer 26

during inspiration, the diaphragm presses downward on abdominal viscera squeezing blood out of abdominal veins and forcing it into the thoracic area

Question 27

How is blood flow through the veins affected by venoconstriction?

Answer 27

sympathetic impulses constrict smooth muscles in walls of veins pushing blood through

Question 28

What is diagnosed when fatty deposits form within the inner lining of the arterial walls

Answer 28

atherosclerosis

Question 29

What is diagnosed when there is hardening of the arterial walls?

Answer 29

arteriosclerosis

Question 30

What is aneurysm?

Answer 30

When a region of the arterial wall dilates resulting in the formation of a pulsing sac

Question 31

What is inflammation of a vein called?

Answer 31

phlebitis

Question 32

What are varicose veins?

Answer 32

an irregular dilation of superficial veins

Question 33

What is meant by autoregulation?

Answer 33

the cardiovascular system adjusts pressure and resistance to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs

Question 34

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 34

pressure receptors

Question 35

Where are the two most important control points (baroreceptors) located?

Answer 35

arch of the aorta and carotid sinus

Question 36

How do chemoreceptors participate in the process of autoregulation?

Answer 36

When they detect hypoxia, hypercapnia or acidosis, they activate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 37

What three things will increase in response to sympathetic stimulation in order to increase blood pressure?

Answer 37

heart rate, SVR, respiratory rate

Question 38

What effect does antidiuretic hormone have on BP?

Answer 38

Increases it through water retention

Question 39

Where does atrial naturetic peptide come from and what effect does it have on BP?

Answer 39

it is found in the atria and it decreases BP

Question 40

Be able to explain the hepatic portal system.

Answer 40

The hepatic portal vein takes blood from the digestive tract and brings it to the liver where it is filtered and returned to the hepatic vein to be transported to the heart

Question 41

Oxygenated blood from the mother leaves the placenta through what vessel to enter the unborn baby?

Answer 41

umbilical vein

Question 42

What is the ductus venosus?

Answer 42

an opening in fetal circulation that allows the blood to skip the liver

Question 43

What is the foramen ovale?

Answer 43

an opening between the right and left atrium in fetal circlation

Question 44

What is the ductus arteriosus

Answer 44

an opening in the pulmonary artery that leads to the aorta found in fetal circulation