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Lecture Exam 2 Chapters > Chapter 19 The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How does blood contribute to homestasis?

A

transportation of gases, regulation of pH and temperature and protection through clotting and immune defenses

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2
Q

What is the total blood volume by weight?

A

8% of total body weight

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3
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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4
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of blood?

A

blood plasma

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5
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets

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6
Q

What % of blood makes up the formed elements?

A

45%

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7
Q

What % of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What % of the formed elements are RBC’s?

A

about 99%

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid component of the blood and contains everything in blood except the formed elements

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10
Q

What is the major protein in plasma?

A

albumin

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11
Q

What are the functions of albumin?

A

to increase viscosity of the blood, therefore increase the blood pressure; carrier molecule

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12
Q

Describe what alpha globulin does

A

carries bilirubin and sterioids

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13
Q

describe what beta globulin does

A

carries copper and iron

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14
Q

describe what gamma globulin does

A

antibodies

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15
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure that is exerted when blood enters the arterioles. It pushes fluid out into the interstitial space

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16
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure that is exerted when blood enters the venules. It pulls water into the circulatory system due to large plasma proteins.

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17
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure due to colloids.

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18
Q

How do the plasma proteins contribute to colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Plasma proteins can not pass through the capillary walls. When water is pushed into the interstitial space by hydrostatic pressure some of what remains are the colloids. Due to the imbalance of water to solute ratio, water is pulled back into the circulatory system.

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19
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure contribute to getting nutrients into the interstitial space?

A

It pushes the nutrients into the space.

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20
Q

How does osmotic pressure contribute to keeping the vessels from collapsing?

A

It pulls water back into the circulatory system, keeping blood pressure intact.

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21
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

red bone marrow

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22
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A blank cell that can turn into anything the body needs

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23
Q

What is the term used to describe blood cell production?

A

hematopoiesis

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24
Q

What is meant by hematocrit and what is its percentage?

A

Hematocrit is the RBC count. It’s percentage is 40-45%

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25
Q

What is the normal RBC count?

A

4.8 million-5.4 million

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26
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry hemoglobin that carry oxygen to the tissues

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27
Q

How does the shape of RBC’s aid in its function?

A

It increases the cell surface area and gives them a high oxygen carrying capacity. It also allows them to deform and fit in small capillary beds.

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28
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

making of RBC’s

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29
Q

What is the function of EPO?

A

Speeds up the maturation and release of immature blood cells, increases overall RBC count

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30
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBC’s

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31
Q

Describe the formation of a RBC.

A

stem cell -> myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> reticulocyte-> erythrocyte

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32
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

oxygen carrying protein molecule found in RBC’s

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33
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

transport oxygen to the tissues

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34
Q

What is the color oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

red and blue

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35
Q

How does B12 affect RBC production?

A

It is required for DNA synthesis which is used for RBC production. A lack of B12 will cause a decrease in RBC’s.

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36
Q

How does intrinsic factor affect RBC production?

A

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb B12

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37
Q

How does folic acid affect RBC production?

A

It is required for DNA synthesis. It is especially needed during pregnancy due to increased fluid retention.

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38
Q

How does iron affect RBC production?

A

It is required for hemoglobin synthesis. Irons is part of the hemoglobin molecule.

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39
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low RBC or hemoglobin

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40
Q

What is polycythemia? What causes this?

A

Too many RBC’s. Caused by COPD, doping, hypoxia or dehydration

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41
Q

What is sickle cell disease and what causes it?

A

It is a genetic disorder and one base in the genetic code is wrong therefore making the RBC sickle shaped

42
Q

What percent of the formed elements of the blood make up WBC’s?

A

less than 1%

43
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

5,000-10,000

44
Q

Define granulocyte and which WBC’s are granulocytes?

A

These cells have a “grainy” appearance because they contain granules in the cytoplasm. Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils.

45
Q

Define agranulocyte and which WBC’s are agranulocytes?

A

These cells do not have granules in the cytoplasm. They are the Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

46
Q

What is the normal percentage of the neutrophils circulating in the blood?

A

60-70%

47
Q

What is another name for neutrophil?

A

polymorphonucleocyte

48
Q

What might be indicated if the neutrophil count is high?

A

infection

49
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

chemical movement of a molecule

50
Q

What is pus?

A

accumulation of damaged cells and fluid

51
Q

What is the normal percentage of eosinophils circulating in the blood?

A

2-4%

52
Q

What might be indicated if the eosinophil count is high?

A

allergic reaction or parasitic worm infection

53
Q

What is the normal percent of basophils circulating in the blood?

A

0.5-1%

54
Q

What might be indicated if the basophil count is high?

A

allergic reaction

55
Q

Which WBC is the largest circulating in the blood?

A

monocyte

56
Q

What is the percent of moncytes in the blood?

A

3-8%

57
Q

What are the monocytes in the tissue called?

A

macrophages

58
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells and B-cells

59
Q

What might a high lymphocyte count indicate?

A

acute viral infection

60
Q

What is the function of the t-cells

A

to attack and destroy

61
Q

What is the function of the B-cells

A

antibodies

62
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

WBC count >10,000

63
Q

What causes leukocytosis?

A

infectious process or cancer

64
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

WBC count <5,000

65
Q

What causes leukopenia?

A

several disease processes: AIDS, bone marrow failure, severe malnutrition or chemotherapy

66
Q

What is a WBC differential and what is the purpose?

A

It is a test that shows the percentages of each of the 5 types of WBC’s. It enhances the diagnostic value of a WBC count.

67
Q

What is leukemia? What are some of the symptoms?

A

Cancer of the WBC’s. Anemia (low Hgb), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

68
Q

What are platelets and what is the function?

A

They are cell fragments and their function is to help with clotting. They can also release Hageman to initiate internal clotting factors.

69
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000

70
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

sequence of events that stops bleeding

71
Q

List the three methods of hemostatsis?

A
  1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug 3. coagulation
72
Q

Describe platelet plug formation

A

platelets adhere to damaged endothelium

73
Q

What 2 things might be required for coagulation?

A

tissue factor and hageman factor

74
Q

What triggers the extrinsic clotting mechanism? What initiates this?

A

It is triggered by damaged tissue and initiated by tissue factor

75
Q

What triggers the intrinsic clotting mechanism? What initiates this?

A

It is triggered by blood coming in contact with a foreign substance and is triggered by Hageman factor released by the platelets

76
Q

What is the major event in blood clotting?

A

Thrombin converting to fibrinogen to fibrin

77
Q

What does agglutin- mean?

A

to glue together

78
Q

what does bil- mean

A

bile, bilirubin

79
Q

what does hem- mean

A

blood

80
Q

what does -crit mean

A

to separate

81
Q

what does embol- mean

A

stopper

82
Q

what does erythr- mean

A

red

83
Q

what does -poie mean

A

make

84
Q

what does hepa- mean

A

liver

85
Q

what does leuko- mean

A

white

86
Q

what does -osis mean

A

abnormal condition

87
Q

what does -lys mean

A

break up

88
Q

what does macro- mean

A

large

89
Q

what does poly- mean

A

many

90
Q

what does sta- mean

A

halt

91
Q

what does thromb- mean

A

clot

92
Q

Define thrombus

A

plaque or clot

93
Q

Define embolus

A

when an air bubble, clot or piece of plaque is transported by the bloodstream

94
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

as the clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer together, decreasing the risk of further damage

95
Q

define embolism

A

when plaque or a clot lodges in a vessel

96
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

plaque build up in the vessels

97
Q

How is blood separated for blood transfusion use?

A

It is fractionated into units of packed RBC’s, FFP, platelets and WBC’s

98
Q

What are antigens or surface markers?

A

proteins on the surface of RBC’s

99
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a blood protein used to counteract and remove antigens

100
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

when an RH+ baby develops in the womb of an RH- woman

101
Q

What is the prevention of this and when is it given?

A

RhoGAM is given at various points in her pregnancy

Lecture Exam 2 Chapters (3 decks)

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