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Anatomy > Chapter 21 - Blood vessels and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Blood vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards

0
Q

Tunica interna is the inner lining in direct contact with blood and is made up of:

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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1
Q

Flow of blood through the vessels:

A

Arteries –> Arterioles –> Capillaries –> Venuoles –> Veins

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2
Q

Tunica media is the middle layer and is made up of _________, which allows the vessel to changes shape (constrict or dialate):

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

The tunica externa is the outer layer of the vessel and helps to anchor the vessel to the tissue with the use of ________.

A

Elastic and collagen fibers

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4
Q

What is the largest kind of artery?

A

Conducting/Elastic Arteries and they store and transmit mechanical energy when pumping blood after valves open and close

-Example = The aorta

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5
Q

(Medium sized) muscular _________ arteries have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. This helps to maintain proper vascular tone to ensure efficient blood flow to the distal tissue beds.

A

Distributing

Examples of these arteries include the brachial artery in the arm and the radial artery in the forearm.

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6
Q

What is anastomosis and what does it provide?

A

Anastomosis is a union of vessels supplying blood to the same body tissue.

-If a blood vessel is occluded, a vascular anastomosis provides collateral circulation, which is an alternative route for blood to reach a tissue.

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7
Q

What delivers blood to capillaries and has the greatest influence on local blood flow and overall blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

What are the primary “adjustable nozzles” in which the greatest drops of pressure occur?

A

Arterioles

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9
Q

What are the only sites in which gases, water, and other nutrients occur?

A

Capillaries

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10
Q

Which have thinner walls, arteries and arterioles or venuoles and veins?

A

Venuoles and veins have thinner walls.

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11
Q

At the metarteriole-capillary junction, the distal most muscle cell forms the _________.

A

Precapillary sphincter

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12
Q

What does the precapillary sphincter do?

A

Regulates blood flow into the capillary bed

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13
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous Capillaries
  2. Fenestrated Capillaries
  3. Sinusoids
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14
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

The MOST COMMON kind. Endothelial cells form a continuous tube, interrupted only by small intracellular clefts.

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15
Q

What are Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

Found in the kidneys, villi of small intestines, and endocrine glands and are porous.

-Example: allow filtration of urine in the kidneys

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16
Q

What are Sinusoid Capillaries?

A

Very porous channels through which blood can percolate

Ex: Liver - makes proteins, needs a large capillary to leave liver
Ex: Spleen - take up RBC’s

17
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Veins that were exposed to higher than normal pressures and became broken and incompetent.

Ex: Pregnant, lots of standing

18
Q

What are Starling Forces?

A

Hydrostatic and Osmotic forces at the capillaries that determine how much fluid leaves the arterial end of the capillary and how much is then reabsorbed at the venous end.

-Filtration & Reabsorption

19
Q

Filtration:

A

Movement of fluid from: blood/capillaries –> interstitial fluid

20
Q

What is Reabsorption?

A

Movement of fluid from: interstitial fluid –> blood/capillaries

21
Q

What two pressures promote filtration?

A
  1. Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) - Generated by pumping action of heart: sphincters decrease from 35 to 16
  2. Osmotic Pressure (IFOP) - constant @ 1 mmHg
22
Q

What two pressures promote Reabsorption?

A
  1. Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP): presence of plasma proteins too large to cross the capillary
  2. Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP): normally close to 0 and significant in times of edema
23
Q

To counteract a drop in BP, stimulation of sympathetic nervous system will cause __________, allowing a greater volume of blood to flow to the skeletal muscles.

A

Venoconstriction

-Shunts blood to certain areas, changes how we hold blood and where we send it to.

24
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump? (Venous Return)

A

The action of muscles that milks blood in 1 direction (due to valves)

-“Get up and get your blood moving!”

25
Q

What is the Respiratory Pump? (Venous Return)

A

Uses the negative pressures in the thoracic and abdominal cavities generated during inspiration to pull venous blood towards the heart.

26
Q

What is a measure of the force (measured in mmHg) exerted in the lumen of the blood vessels?

A

Blood pressure

27
Q

What is the amount of blood which is actually reaching the end organs (tissues of the body)?

A

Blood flow

28
Q

What is the sum of many factors which oppose the flow of blood?

A

Resistance

29
Q

What are the two most important baroreceptors in autoregulation?

A

The arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus

30
Q

What is the stimulation of the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus called which helps to normalize blood pressure in the brain?

A

Carotid sinus reflex

31
Q

Where are chemoreceptors (important in autoregulation) found?

A

In the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies

32
Q

ANP (Atrial Naturetic Polypeptide) participates in autoregulation by:

A

Lowering blood pressure and lowering blood volume

33
Q

Aldosterone participates in autoregulation by:

A

Increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure

34
Q

What is released by the kidneys when blood volume falls or blood flow decreases, and is then turned into angiotensin II which raises BP by vasoconstriction and stimulates secretion of aldosterone?

A

Renin

35
Q

What are released by adrenal medulla as an endocrine regulatory response to sympathetic stimulation?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

-increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions

36
Q

What is released by the posterior pituitary gland in repo se to dehydration or decreased blood volume?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

37
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and what does it do?

A

The nephron

-It is a collecting duct where ADH acts and causes aquaporens to be put into walls of collecting duct, which causes water to be reabsorbed into system. (Increased blood volume, alcohol opposes ADH)

38
Q

What are small parts of an antigen that triggers an immune response?

A

Epitopes

39
Q

What are the phagocytic cells that initiate the process of adaptive immunity?

A

APC’s

-the link between adaptive and innate immunity

40
Q

What are the two main types of APCs?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

Anatomy (6 decks)

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