Chapter 21

Question 1

What is the solid viscera and what does it contain?

Answer 1

Organs that maintain a characteristic shape. This contains the liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus.

Question 2

The liver fills most of the ____quadrant and extends over to the ____

Answer 2

Right upper quadrant/midclavicular line

Question 3

what is the hollow viscera and what does it contain?

Answer 3

Contains the stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, Colon, and bladder. The shape depends on its contents

Question 4

Inside the abdominal cavity, all the internal organs are called the

Answer 4

Viscera

Question 5

What organs are in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?

Answer 5

Liver, bladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, part of ascending and transverse colon

Question 6

What organs are in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Answer 6

Cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, spermatic cord

Question 7

What organs are in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

Answer 7

Stomach, spleen, left love of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon

Question 8

What organs are in the lower left quadrant (LLQ)?

Answer 8

Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and tube, left ureter, and left spermatic cord

Question 9

What organs and vessels are at the midline

Answer 9

Aorta, uterus (if enlarged), bladder (if distended)

Question 10

In the newborn, the umbilical cord contains__ and____

Answer 10

Two arteries and one vein

Question 11

The liver in infants and children is?

Answer 11

Takes up proportionately more space in the abdomen at birth. In a healthy term neonate the lower edge may be palpable 0.5 to 2.5 cm below the right costal margin.

Question 12

The urinary bladder in infants and children is located?

Answer 12

Higher in the abdomen, between the symphysis and umbilicus.

Question 13

Nausea and vomiting is an early sign for what in women? And what may be the cause?

Answer 13

Pregnancy, hormonal changes

Question 14

What happens to the intestines during pregnancy?

Answer 14

The enlarging uterus pushes the intestines upward and posteriorly.

Question 15

What happens with bowel sounds during pregnancy?

Answer 15

They are diminished

Question 16

What happens to the appendix during pregnancy?

Answer 16

It may be displaced upward and to the right but if appendicitis, it is still felt in lower right quadrant

Question 17

What are common skin changes during pregnancy?

Answer 17

Striae and linea nigra

Question 18

Aging alters the abdominal wall how?

Answer 18

After middle age, some fat accumulated in the supra public area in females as a result of decreased estrogen levels. Men also accumulates fat in the same area but due to a more sedentary lifestyle. With further aging, adipose tissue is distributed away from the face and extremities and to the abdomen and hips. The abdominal muscles also relax

Question 19

Age related changes in the GI tract

Pg 541

Answer 19

Salivation decreases-> dry mouth & decreased sense of taste

Esophageal emptying is delayed-> if aging person is fed in supine position it increases risk for aspiration.

Gastric acid secretion decreases-> may cause pernicious anemia (because it interferes with vitamin b13 absorption), iron deficiency anemia, and malabsorption of calcium.

Incidence of gallstones increases/more common in females

Liver size decreases by 25% between the age of 20/70. But liver function remains normal

Increased report of constipation, although not a effect of aging (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate intake of water, low fiber diet, side effect of meds)

Question 20

Symptoms of lactose intolerant

Answer 20

Abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence when milk products are consumed

Question 21

Who is at most risk for lactose intolerance

Answer 21

African Americans

Question 22

Why is lactose intolerance significant?

Answer 22

Dairy foods meet crucial nutritional requirements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, protein, vitamins A D B12, and riboflavin

Question 23

Obesity is caused by

Answer 23

Genetic predisposition, dietary intake, physical inactivity, and obesogenic environment (one who encourages large portions of high fat, energy dense foods)

Question 24

Obesity in adults can cause?

Answer 24

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Question 25

Obesity in children can cause?

Answer 25

Increased risk of asthma, diabetes, liver disease, CVD, sleep apnea, and joint problems.

Question 26

What is anorexia? And what can cause it?

Answer 26

Loss of appetite, can be caused by a GI disease as a side effect from some medications, with pregnancy, or with mental health disorders

Question 27

What is dysphasia, and when does it occur?

Answer 27

Difficulty swallowing, can occur with disorders of the throat or esophagus.

Question 28

What is pyrosis?

Answer 28

AKA Heartburn, a burning sensation in esophagus and stomach from reflux of gastric acid

Question 29

What is eructations

Answer 29

Belching

Question 30

Full, general, poorly localized abdominal pain is associated with?

Answer 30

Visceral abdominal pain from internal organ

Question 31

What is parietal abdominal pain?

Answer 31

Inflammation of overlying peritoneum (sharp, precisely localized, and aggravated by movement)

Question 32

Referred abdominal paints caused by?

Answer 32

A disorder in another site

Question 33

Acute abdominal pain can require urgent diagnosis that occurs with?

Answer 33

Appendicitis,cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, or perforated organ

Question 34

Chronic abdominal pain associated with gastric ulcers can result from?

Answer 34

An empty stomach

Question 35

Chronic pain from duodenal ulcers occurs?

Answer 35

2-3 hours after eating a meal and is relieved by more food.

Question 36

Nausea and vomiting is common with?

Answer 36

GI disease, many medications, and early pregnancy

Question 37

What is hematemesis and when does it occur?

Answer 37

Vomiting blood, occurs with stomach or duodenal ulcers and esophageal varices

Question 38

Why can traveling cause GI upset and diarrhea

Answer 38

GI upset and diarrhea occur when exposed to new local pathogens in developing countries. Water supply may be contaminated.

Question 39

What is the significance of black stool

Answer 39

Black stool may be tarry due to occult blood (melena) from GI bleeding or non tarry from iron medications.

Question 40

What is the significance of gray stool?

Answer 40

It occurs with hepatitis

Question 41

Red blood in stools occurs with?

Answer 41

GI bleeding or localized bleeding around anus

Question 42

Peptic ulcer disease occurs with frequent use of?

Answer 42

Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), alcohol, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori infection

Question 43

Many inner city neighborhoods are fresh food deserts, this means?

Answer 43

It lacks produce markets but it is full of fast food restaurants

Question 44

If an infant doesn’t tolerate food?

Answer 44

Consider a new food as a possible allergen. adding only one new food at one time to infants diet helps identify allergies.

Question 45

Irregular eating patterns in infants

Answer 45

Are common and a source of parental anxiety. As long as the child shows normal growth and development and only nutritious foods are offered, parents may be reassured.

Question 46

What is pica?

Answer 46

Eating non food items, toddlers should recognize edibles by age 2

Question 47

Why is pain hard to assess with children

Answer 47

Many conditions of unrelated organ systems have vague abdominal pain (ex: otitis media). They cannot articulate specific symptoms and often focus on “the tummy”. A dismal pain accompanies inflammation of the bowel, constipation, urinary tract infection, and anxiety.