Chapter 21 Flashcards
What is the solid viscera and what does it contain?
Organs that maintain a characteristic shape. This contains the liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus.
The liver fills most of the ____quadrant and extends over to the ____
Right upper quadrant/midclavicular line
what is the hollow viscera and what does it contain?
Contains the stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, Colon, and bladder. The shape depends on its contents
Inside the abdominal cavity, all the internal organs are called the
Viscera
What organs are in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
Liver, bladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, part of ascending and transverse colon
What organs are in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, spermatic cord
What organs are in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
Stomach, spleen, left love of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon
What organs are in the lower left quadrant (LLQ)?
Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and tube, left ureter, and left spermatic cord
What organs and vessels are at the midline
Aorta, uterus (if enlarged), bladder (if distended)
In the newborn, the umbilical cord contains__ and____
Two arteries and one vein
The liver in infants and children is?
Takes up proportionately more space in the abdomen at birth. In a healthy term neonate the lower edge may be palpable 0.5 to 2.5 cm below the right costal margin.
The urinary bladder in infants and children is located?
Higher in the abdomen, between the symphysis and umbilicus.
Nausea and vomiting is an early sign for what in women? And what may be the cause?
Pregnancy, hormonal changes
What happens to the intestines during pregnancy?
The enlarging uterus pushes the intestines upward and posteriorly.
What happens with bowel sounds during pregnancy?
They are diminished
What happens to the appendix during pregnancy?
It may be displaced upward and to the right but if appendicitis, it is still felt in lower right quadrant
What are common skin changes during pregnancy?
Striae and linea nigra
Aging alters the abdominal wall how?
After middle age, some fat accumulated in the supra public area in females as a result of decreased estrogen levels. Men also accumulates fat in the same area but due to a more sedentary lifestyle. With further aging, adipose tissue is distributed away from the face and extremities and to the abdomen and hips. The abdominal muscles also relax
Age related changes in the GI tract
Pg 541
Salivation decreases-> dry mouth & decreased sense of taste
Esophageal emptying is delayed-> if aging person is fed in supine position it increases risk for aspiration.
Gastric acid secretion decreases-> may cause pernicious anemia (because it interferes with vitamin b13 absorption), iron deficiency anemia, and malabsorption of calcium.
Incidence of gallstones increases/more common in females
Liver size decreases by 25% between the age of 20/70. But liver function remains normal
Increased report of constipation, although not a effect of aging (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate intake of water, low fiber diet, side effect of meds)
Symptoms of lactose intolerant
Abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence when milk products are consumed
Who is at most risk for lactose intolerance
African Americans
Why is lactose intolerance significant?
Dairy foods meet crucial nutritional requirements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, protein, vitamins A D B12, and riboflavin
Obesity is caused by
Genetic predisposition, dietary intake, physical inactivity, and obesogenic environment (one who encourages large portions of high fat, energy dense foods)
Obesity in adults can cause?
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Obesity in children can cause?
Increased risk of asthma, diabetes, liver disease, CVD, sleep apnea, and joint problems.
What is anorexia? And what can cause it?
Loss of appetite, can be caused by a GI disease as a side effect from some medications, with pregnancy, or with mental health disorders
What is dysphasia, and when does it occur?
Difficulty swallowing, can occur with disorders of the throat or esophagus.
What is pyrosis?
AKA Heartburn, a burning sensation in esophagus and stomach from reflux of gastric acid
What is eructations
Belching
Full, general, poorly localized abdominal pain is associated with?
Visceral abdominal pain from internal organ
What is parietal abdominal pain?
Inflammation of overlying peritoneum (sharp, precisely localized, and aggravated by movement)
Referred abdominal paints caused by?
A disorder in another site
Acute abdominal pain can require urgent diagnosis that occurs with?
Appendicitis,cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, or perforated organ
Chronic abdominal pain associated with gastric ulcers can result from?
An empty stomach
Chronic pain from duodenal ulcers occurs?
2-3 hours after eating a meal and is relieved by more food.
Nausea and vomiting is common with?
GI disease, many medications, and early pregnancy
What is hematemesis and when does it occur?
Vomiting blood, occurs with stomach or duodenal ulcers and esophageal varices
Why can traveling cause GI upset and diarrhea
GI upset and diarrhea occur when exposed to new local pathogens in developing countries. Water supply may be contaminated.
What is the significance of black stool
Black stool may be tarry due to occult blood (melena) from GI bleeding or non tarry from iron medications.
What is the significance of gray stool?
It occurs with hepatitis
Red blood in stools occurs with?
GI bleeding or localized bleeding around anus
Peptic ulcer disease occurs with frequent use of?
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), alcohol, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori infection
Many inner city neighborhoods are fresh food deserts, this means?
It lacks produce markets but it is full of fast food restaurants
If an infant doesn’t tolerate food?
Consider a new food as a possible allergen. adding only one new food at one time to infants diet helps identify allergies.
Irregular eating patterns in infants
Are common and a source of parental anxiety. As long as the child shows normal growth and development and only nutritious foods are offered, parents may be reassured.
What is pica?
Eating non food items, toddlers should recognize edibles by age 2
Why is pain hard to assess with children
Many conditions of unrelated organ systems have vague abdominal pain (ex: otitis media). They cannot articulate specific symptoms and often focus on “the tummy”. A dismal pain accompanies inflammation of the bowel, constipation, urinary tract infection, and anxiety.
