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Sam's Physics II > Chapter 21, 22 and 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 21, 22 and 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following describes portions of an image that are brighter than the surrounding tissue or tissues that appear brighter than normal?

A

hyperechoic

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2
Q

What images that not as bright or less bright than normal?

A

hypoechoic

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3
Q

A structure without echoes, how would you describe that?

A

anaechoic

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4
Q

A tissue or structure that has a similar echo characteristic throughout, what is it?

A

homogeneous

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5
Q

Tissue displaying a variety of different echo characteristics

A

heterogeneous

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6
Q

Artifacts on an image are errors in imaging, which is not considered an error?

A

?

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7
Q

Equipment malfunction or design physics of ultrasound in operator error, what are those called?

A

causes of artifacts

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8
Q

Multiple equally spaced parallel lines, what are they?

A

Reverberation

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9
Q

Which artifact produces an image with an incorrect number of reflectors side by side?

A

focal enhancement

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10
Q

Artifacts result in the placement of too many echoes on the image except for what?

A 
artifacts with too many echoes: 
reverberation 
comet tail 
enhancement 
focal enhancement
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11
Q

Lobes created by array transducers are called what?

A

grating lobes

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12
Q

What methods can be used to eliminate lobe artifacts?

A

subdicing and apodization

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13
Q

What artifact occurs when the beam is unable to pass through a structure because of the high attenuation?

A

shadowing

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14
Q

Refractions at the end of a circular structure can cause what artifact?

A

edge shadow

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15
Q

What artifact occurs when there is too much gain in the focal zone?

A

focal banding

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16
Q

What standard is best used in a quality assurance program?

A

objective

An objective standard is best for quality assurance program. These standards are free of personal opinion.

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17
Q

All of the following are characteristics of tissue equivalent phantom except.

A

density similar to that of soft tissue
The density of the material within a tissue equivalent phantom is not important. The other three characteristics of the phantom must be similar to that of soft tissue.

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18
Q

What form of resolution is evaluated by measuring the width of reflections arising from small, point targets?

A

lateral resolution
lateral resolution can be evaluated by measuring the width of reflections on the display that are created by point targets in the phantom.

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19
Q

What form of resolution is evaluated by visualizing closely spaced pins that are parallel to the sound beam’s axis?

A

axial resolution
axial resolution is the smallest distance at which two pins positioned parallel to the sound beam are displayed at two distinct echoes.

20
Q

At what interval should quality assurance evaluations be performed?

A

routinely

quality assurance evaluations should be performed routinely

21
Q

When propagation speed is greater than 1540 m/sec the reflector will be placed to what on the display?

A

reflectors are located too shallow on the screen

22
Q

Grading lobes are caused by which type of transducer?

A

array transducers

23
Q

What artifact occurs when the medium in which the sound travels has a lower attenuation rate than soft tissue?

A

reflectors are located too deep on the screen

24
Q

Which artifact occurs when you see reflectors at incorrect depths?

A

speed error

25
Q

What artifact can be cured by lowering the PRF?

A

temporal resolution artifact

26
Q

Which of the following artifacts are only found with Doppler?

A

crosstalk

27
Q

Two causes for crosstalk

A

Doppler gain is too high

incident angle is close to 90 degrees

28
Q

What are errors in imaging?

A 
not real 
not seen on the image 
incorrect shape or size 
incorrect position 
incorrect brightness
29
Q

What are causes of artifacts?

A

violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction or poor design
the physics of ultrasound
operator error

30
Q

If the path to the reflector is a different length than the returning path, the reflector will be incorrectly positioned. That results in general image debris degradation. What artifact is that?

A

multipath

31
Q

What produces shadowing?

A

high attenuation

32
Q

Wall filters are used to reject what?

A

low frequency doppler shifts

slow moving blood cells

33
Q

Which transducer may have poor elevational resolution?

A

1 and 1/2 dimensional array transducer

34
Q

Where does enhancement appear on the image?

A

below the imaged tissue

35
Q

Two reflections side by side only one is real. What is the most likely cause of this artifact?

A

refraction

36
Q

Which artifacts create one reflection on an image from two closely spaced reflectors?

A

comet tail

37
Q

A grainy appearance not directly from tissues created by interference, is what?

A

speckle

38
Q

Propagation speed error appears a what?

A

step-off. split or cut

39
Q

If a media through which ultrasound travels doesn’t propagate at 1540 then the assumed relationship between time and distance is invalid, what artifact occurs?

A

speed error

40
Q

A single solid hyperechoic line parallel to the sound beam, no spaces in the echogenic line is what artifact?

A

focal enhancement

41
Q

What term is defined by avoidance of unnecessary risk, harm or needless injury?

A

nonmaleficence

42
Q

What provides the bases for informed consent?

A

autonomy

43
Q

When can a patient revoke consent?

A

at any time

44
Q

What’s the first action when a sonographer enters a patient’s room?

A

introduce yourself

45
Q

What is the study between a worker and their environment called?

A

ergonomics

Sam's Physics II (7 decks)

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