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Sam's Physics II > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Flow

A

indicates the volume of blood moving at a particular time

units: volume/time ex. liters/mm “how much?”

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2
Q

Velocity

A

indicates the speed of a fluid moving from one location to another
units: distance/time ex. 200cm/sec

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3
Q

3 Basic Forms of Blood Flow

A

pulsatile
phasic
steady

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4
Q

Pulsatile Flow

A

occurs when blood moves with variable velocities, accelerates and decelerates from cardiac contraction and appears in the arterial circulation

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5
Q

Phasic Flow

A

occurs when blood moves with variable velocities, accelerates and decelerates from respiration and appears in venous circulation

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6
Q

Steady Flow

A

occurs when blood moves at a constant velocity, steady flow is present in the venous circulation when individuals stop breathing for a moment
ex. of steady flow, water running through a garden hose

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7
Q

Laminar Flow

A

when the flow streamlines and is parallel, layers of blood travel at individual speeds, commonly found in normal physiological states

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8
Q

2 Forms of Laminar Flow

A

plug flow

parabolic flow

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9
Q

Plug Flow

A

when all the layers of blood cells travel at the same velocity (center of river)

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10
Q

Parabolic Flow

A

velocities are highest in the center and gradually decrease to the minimum at the vessel wall (has a bullet-shaped profile)

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11
Q

Plug and Parabolic Flow are…

A

Laminar and associated with normal physiology. Laminar flow is silent.

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12
Q

Reynolds number

A

predicts whether flow is laminar or turbulent
laminar flow is less than 1,500
turbulent flow is more than 2,000

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13
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

chaotic flow patterns in many different directions and at many different speeds
hurricane-like, also called an eddy current or vortex

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14
Q

Turbulent Pathology

A

associated with cardiovascular pathology and elevated blood velocities
may be seen downstream from stenosis in a vessel

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15
Q

Turbulent Flow converts flow energy into..

A

sound and vibrations

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16
Q

Turbulence associated with sound

A

is called murmur or a bruit

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17
Q

Turbulence associated with vibrations

A

is called a thrill, also described as a palpable murmur, you can feel it with your fingertips

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18
Q

Where can turbulent flow be detected?

A

1 cm after the stenosis

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19
Q

Energy Gradient

A

blood moves from regions of higher energy to lower energy

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20
Q

What event provides energy to the circulating blood?

A

energy is imparted to blood by the contraction of the heart during systole

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21
Q

Forms of energy associated with blood

A

kinetic
pressure
gravitational

the total energy at a specific location with the circulation is the sum of all 3 energy forms

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22
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

is associated with a moving object

determined by 2 factors: object’s mass and the speed at which it moves

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23
Q

Pressure Energy

A

stored or potential energy, has the ability to perform work

pressure is a major form of energy in the circulation system, creates flow by over coming resistance

24
Q

Gravitational Energy

A

stored or potential energy (like pressure energy), associated with any elevated object (use of gravity)

identical objects at the same height have the same gravitational energy

25
Q

Energy is lost 3 ways during circulation

A

viscous loss
frictional loss
inertial loss

26
Q

Viscous loss

A

associated with thickness of the blood, energy is lost by overcoming its internal thickness

27
Q

Viscosity is measured in units called…

A

Poise

28
Q

Viscous energy loss in blood is determined by the.. .

A

Hematocrit, % of blood made up of red blood cells.

29
Q

Frictional Energy loss

A

energy is lost when flow energy is converted to heat

blood sliding across the vessel walls

30
Q

Inertial Energy loss

A

energy is lost when the speed of the fluid changes, regardless is the fluid accelerates or decelerates

31
Q

Inertia

A

relates to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in its velocity

32
Q

Inertial Energy loss occurs during 3 events

A

pulsatile flow
phasic flow
velocity changes at a stenosis

33
Q

velocity increases…

A

when the vessel is at its narrowest

34
Q

velocity decreases…

A

when the blood flows out of a stenosis into the normal vessel diameter

35
Q

Stenosis

A

is a narrowing in the lumen of a vessel

36
Q

5 affects of a Stenosis

A 
change in flow direction 
increased velocity as vessel narrows 
turbulence downstream from the stenosis 
pressure graident across the stenosis 
loss of pulsatility
37
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

describes the relationship between velocity and pressure in a moving fluid
principle of conservation of energy- with a steady flow, the sum of all energy is the same everywhere

38
Q

The relationship between flow resistance and pressure gradient is defined by what equation?

A

flow X resistance = pressure gradient

39
Q

Pressure gradient increases when..

A

flow increases

resistance increases

40
Q

Flow increases when…

A

pressure gradient increases

resistance decreases

41
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

current X resistance = voltage

42
Q

Ohm’s is…

A

electrical resistance

43
Q

Fluids

A

pressure
flow
resistance

44
Q

Electricity

A

voltage
current
resistance (ohms)

45
Q

What is the typical resistance of veins?

A

low resistance

46
Q

How do veins adapt to increased inflow during periods of exercise?

A

the cross section shape of the vein changes from hourglass to oval and then to round

47
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

pressure related to the weight of blood pressing on a vessel measured at a height above or below the heart level

48
Q

Units of Hydrostatic Pressure

A

mmHg

49
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure when an individual is supine?

A

Zero, all parts of the body are at the same level as the heart

50
Q

Respiration affects venous flow for 2 reasons

A

the venous system is low pressure

muscles responsible for respiration alter pressures in the thorax and the abdomen

51
Q

Breathing affects 2 venous flows

A

venous flows in the legs
venous return to the heart, which comprises venous flow from the head, arms and flow from the inferior vena cava to the heart

52
Q

Venous flow in the legs correlates with movement of the…

A

diaphragm

53
Q

Downward movement of the diaphragm…

A

decreases venous flow in the legs

downward-decrease

54
Q

Upward movement of the diaphragm…

A

increase venous flow in the legs

upward-increase

55
Q

When venous flow in the leg decreases…

A

venous return to the heart increases

56
Q

When venous flow in the leg increases…

A

venous return to the heart decreases

Sam's Physics II (7 decks)

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