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Bio 242 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

They are vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up an artery

A
  1. Tunica International
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
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3
Q

What is the thickest layer that makes up an artery

A

Tunica Media which consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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4
Q

What are the two types of arteries

A

a. Elastic arteries:
- tunica media contains a higher proportion of elastic fibers
- the larger arteries ex. Aorta
- these propel blood towards smaller arteries
b. Muscular arteries:
- the tunica media contains a higher proportion of smooth muscle, this allows for vasoconstriction which helps direct blood flow
- ex. Sympathetic response - gastric arteries constrict which direct blood to skeletal muscle
- these arteries carry blood to the organs

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5
Q

What does vasoconstriction help with

A

Directing blood flow

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6
Q

What are vessels that transport blood to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

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7
Q

What vessel is

  • composed of basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium (1 thin layer of cells)
  • Connect arterioles to venules
  • permits exchange of substances between the blood and tissue cells (via interstitial fluid)
A

Capillaries

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8
Q

What is Microcirculation

A

flow of blood through the capillaries

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9
Q

In what direction do veins transport blood

A

Toward the heart

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10
Q

True or false:
Veins have the same 3 layers as an artery

A

True:

contains the same three layers as arteries, less smooth muscle is present
- the lumen is larger (greater surface area) than the corresponding artery
- contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood (these valves are folds of tunica interna that project into the lumen, muscular action helps move blood towards the heart)

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11
Q

What is it called when you have weakened valves that cause veins to become dilated and twisted

A

Varicose veins

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12
Q

What is a Hemorrhoid

A

varicosity of a vessel around the anus

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13
Q

Term describing the joining together of vessels (provides collateral circulation)

A

Anastomoses

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14
Q

Under normal circumstances, how much blood do veins and venules contain in comparison to the whole body supply

A

60% of the blood supply

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15
Q

What is Capillary Exchange

A

the movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid

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16
Q

Why is diffusion important for capillary exchange

A

provides movement for substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids and some hormones

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17
Q

What does Transcytosis do in relation to capillary exchange

A

larger substances (like insulin) pass through the capillary wall via endocytotic vesicles

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18
Q

What is the process called Bulk Flow

A

a passive process where large numbers of dissolved and suspended particles in a fluid move together in the same direction

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19
Q

What two processes make up bulk flow

A

a. Filtration - pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from the capillaries into interstitial fluid.

b. Reabsorption (Resorption) - pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries.

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20
Q

What is BHP = blood hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart

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21
Q

What does IFOP stand for

A

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

22
Q

What is BCOP = blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

the force caused by colloidal suspension of large particles in the interstitial fluid

23
Q

What is IFHP = interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure -

A

The pressure (B.P) in the capillaries decreases as blood moves through the capillaries.

24
Q

What is the determining factor for the direction of bulk flow.

A

NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP - IFHP)

25
Q

What does “edema” represent

A

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume

26
Q

What are Hemodynamics

A

factors affecting blood flow

27
Q

What is the definition of
Blood Flow

A

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given period of time. Determined by the force of the heartbeat and the resistance through the body.

28
Q

What is a Pulse (physically speaking)

A

The expansion and elastic recoil of arteries after systole of the left ventricle.

29
Q

Is the pulse best felt in arteries closer or farther from the surface of the skin

A

Closer to the surface

30
Q

What is Tachycardia and what is the range of BPM

A

Rapid heart rate. >100 b.p.m

31
Q

What is Bradycardia and what is the range of BPM

A

Slow resting heart rate. <60 b.p.m

32
Q

What is Systolic BP -

A

The force in the vessels during ventricular systole

33
Q

What does Diastolic mean

A

The pressure remaining in the vessels during ventricular diastole.

34
Q

What are the levels for systolic and diastolic hypertension

A
  • Systolic > 140 mmHg
  • Diastolic > 90 mmHg
35
Q

What is the difference between hypertension and secondary hypertension

A

Secondary has an identifiable underlying cause.
ex. Renal hypertension assoc. with decreased blood flow through the Kidneys

Hypertension itself has an unknown cause

36
Q

What is Vascular Resistance -

A

the opposition of blood flow due to friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels.

37
Q

What are the associated factors of vascular resistance

A

Associated factors:
a.Size of lumen
b.Blood viscosity
c.Length of vessel(s)

38
Q

What is Venous Return

A

The pressure difference between the venules (16 mmHg) and the right Atrium (0 mmHg) (The volume of blood flowing back to the Heart through systemic veins/)

39
Q

What are the primary mechanisms of action for Venous Return

A

Skeletal muscle pump and Respiratory pump are the primary mechanisms of action.

40
Q

Where is the cardiovascular center located and what is its primary function

A

located in the Medulla Oblongata, helps regulate stroke volume and heart rate

41
Q

What are two receptors that respond to pressure and chemical changes

A

Baroceptors and chemoceptors

42
Q

What hormones do the kidneys release when BP is low

A

Renin which leads to the production of Angiotensin II

43
Q

What is autoregulation of blood pressure

A

Results from the tissue ability to automatically adjust to blood flow

44
Q

What does aldosterone increase

A

Sodium absorption in the kidneys which increases bp

45
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone cause in terms of its effects on the blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction and reabsorption of water by the kidneys

46
Q

What results from the tissues ability to automatically adjust to blood flow

A

Autoregulation of Blood pressure

47
Q

What are the physical changes that happen to blood vessel in relation to our body temperature

A

Warming: vasodilation
Cooling: vasoconstriction

48
Q

What is the simple definition for “shock” in the cardiovascular system

A

failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs.

49
Q

How much blood is lost in order to cause mild shock

A

10%-20% blood volume

50
Q

What happens during mild shock

A

a. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
b. Secretion of ADH
c.Sympathetic stimulation, i.e. vasoconstriction, increased heart rate
d. Release of local vasodilators (to try to bring blood/nutrition to deprived cells)

Bio 242 (4 decks)

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