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Bio 242 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of Blood

A

a connective tissue that has a liquid matrix known as plasma

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2
Q

fluid that circulates around body cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What is the temperature of blood at the core and peripheral locations in the body

A

Temperature = 38 C (100.4 F) core
37 C ( 98.6 F) peripheral

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4
Q

What’s the pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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5
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

1.Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients and waste products
2.Regulation of pH, body temp., water content of cells
3.Protection from bleeding (via clotting) and disease

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6
Q

What are the 3 components of Blood

A

Blood Plasma
Formed elements
Formation of Blood cells

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7
Q

What is another name describing the formation of blood cells

A

Hemopoiesis = Hematopoiesis

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of blood plasma

A
  • approx. 55% of the blood
  • straw colored
  • 91.5% water
  • 7% protein (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, etc…)
  • 1.5% electrolytes, gases, hormones, etc…
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9
Q

What is the ratio of formed elements in males and females

A
  • Male hct: 47 (40 to 57%)
  • Female hct: 42 (38 to 46%)
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10
Q

What’s another name for a red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

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11
Q

What’s another name for a white blood cell

A

Leukocyte

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12
Q

How many types of white blood cells are there

A

5

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13
Q

What cells are responsible for clotting

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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14
Q

formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

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15
Q

hormone that stimulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

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16
Q

What are Pluripotent Stem Cells

A

= mesenchymal cells that have the capacity to form several types of cells

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17
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell

A

anucleated, biconcave disk

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18
Q

How many RBCs are required to maintain homeostasis

A

approx. 2 million RBCs must enter circulation each second to maintain homeostatic levels

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19
Q

How long are erythocytes in circulation before they get hard and rigid

A

RBCs circulate approx. 120 days before they become fragile and rupture (this often occurs in the Spleen and Liver by the action of macrophages)

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20
Q

What is the normal levels for white blood cells

A

7000 WBC/uL (5000 to 10000)

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21
Q

What are two issues that come from levels above or below the norm for white blood cell counts

A
  • Leukocytosis - white count above 10000
  • Leukocytopenia (Leukopenia) - white count below 5000
22
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and Agranular Leukocytes

23
Q

What are the types of Agranular Leukocyte white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

24
Q

What are the types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils

25
Q

term used to describe immature Neutrophils that have a rod shaped nucleus

A

Bands

26
Q

What is the most common white blood cell

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

Are thrombocytes anucleated or nucleated

A

Anucleated

28
Q

What is Hemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding (hemorrhage)

29
Q

What are the 3 types of Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular Spasm
    - constriction of the circular strands of smooth muscle in the damaged region of a vessel, slows bleeding
    2.Platelet Plug Formation
    - platelets stick to the rough surfaces of damaged vessels,especially collagen fibers
    - these accumulate over the injury site to staunch bleeding
    - these platelets and damaged cells release chemicals thatmaintain vascular spasm and aid in platelet aggregation
    3.Blood Clotting
    = Coagulation - a series of chemical reactions that culminates in the formation of fibrin threads
30
Q

What is Serum

A

plasma minus clotting factors

31
Q

What is Vitamin K

A

a fat soluble vitamin that is required to synthesize many clotting factors

32
Q

What is Hemophilia

A

disorder(s) caused by a genetic lack of certain clotting factors

33
Q

What is Thrombosis

A
  • clotting within an unbroken blood vessel
34
Q

What is a Thrombus

A

the clot produced by Thrombosis

35
Q

What is an Embolus

A

A blood clot, air bubble or other particle that is transported by the blood

36
Q

What is an Embolism

A

the blockage produced by an Embolus

37
Q

What is an Anticoagulant

A

A substance that can delay, suppress or prevent blood clotting

38
Q

What is a Thrombolytic agent

A

chemical substances that dissolve blood clots

39
Q

What are Factors that limit clot formation:

A

(1)The inactive circulating enzyme Plasminogen is incorporated into the clot. Substances like Thrombin and other factors convert Plasminogen into the active Plasmin. Plasmin digests Fibrin threads.
(2)Fibrin bind Thrombin decreasing the circulating Thrombin.
(3)The clotting factors that leave the damaged area are in too low concentration to initiate clot formation.
(4) There are several anticoagulants normally found in the blood.

40
Q

What is an Antigen

A

cell surface molecule (often proteins), these enable our immune system to distinguish our cells from “foreign” cells
are often called Isoantigens or Agglutinogens

41
Q

What are Antibodies

A

Gamma globulins (proteins) produced by B Lymphocytes that “attack foreign” cells

42
Q

What is Agglutination

A

Clumping - this results from mismatching blood types

43
Q

What is the significance of Type O Blood

A

This individual does not have either isoantigen, and therefore produces isoantibodies for both type A and type B isoantigens (Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies)
- Universal donor, RBCs can be donated to A, B, AB or O

44
Q

What are the two isoantigens

A

A/ B

45
Q

What kind of antibody does type A blood have

A

(Anti-B antibody) that will “attack” type B isoantigen

46
Q

What kind of antibody does type B blood have

A

(Anti-A antibody) that will “attack” type A isoantigen

47
Q

What is another name for
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

48
Q

What happens during Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A
  • A Rh negative mother carries a child who is Rh positive(i.e. the child received the Rh factor from the father).
  • At some point the mother will develop isoantibodies that will “attack” the RBCs containing the Rh factor.
  • This does not effect the first pregnancy (usually), but increases the chance that there will be difficulties with subsequent pregnancies, i.e. lysis to the RBCs in the offspring.
49
Q

What is Polycythemia

A
  • characterized by an elevated hematocrit
  • leads to increased BP, viscous blood, vessel damage
50
Q

What is anemia

A

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
- signs and symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, and intolerance to cold

51
Q

What is Pernicious Anemia

A

caused by lack of vitamin B12 absorption, Intrinsic Factor is not secreted by the stomach, this individual must receive regular injections of vitamin B12

52
Q

What is Leukemia

A
  • a group of disorders associated with an elevated WBC count
  • malignancy of blood forming organs
  • there are both chronic and acute forms_

Bio 242 (4 decks)

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