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Bio 242 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the Pericardium

A

A three layered sac that covers the Heart

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3
Q

What are the two types of pericardiums

A

Fibrous and Serous Pericardium

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers in the Serous pericardium

A

Parietal Layer
Visceral Layer
Pericardial cavity (between parietal and visceral layers

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5
Q

What does the endocardium cover

A

Smooth inner layer of endothelial tissue that covers the heart valves

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6
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart called

A

Epicardium

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7
Q

What makes up the myocardium and what portion of the heart has myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

Makes up a majority of the heart wall

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8
Q

What are upper chambers of the heart called

A

Atria (sing. Atrium)

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9
Q

Where does the right Atrium receive deoxygenated blood from

A

Superior and inferior Vena Cava as well as the coronary sinus

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10
Q

Where does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from

A

The lungs

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11
Q

What structure separates ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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12
Q

Are ventricles superior or inferior to atria

A

Inferior

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13
Q

Is the myocardium thicker in the left or right ventricle

A

Left ventricle due to the task of pumping blood back into systemic circulation

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14
Q

What is the main function of heart valves

A

Insuring blood is flowing in one direction and not back flowing

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15
Q

Where are Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) found

A

Between atria and ventricles so that blood won’t reenter the atria after leaving

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16
Q

What is another name for the right AV valve

A

Tricuspid Valve which has 3 cusps

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17
Q

What is another name for left AV valve

A

Bicuspid valve or the Mitral Valve

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18
Q

What are the two type of Semilunar Valves and where are they

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (next to Rt. Ventricle)
Aortic Semilunar Valve (next to Lt. ventricle)

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19
Q

What is the direct path off blood flow through the heart

14 structures

A

Vena cava & Coronary sinus
Right Atria
Right AV valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left atria
Left AV valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta & coronary arteries

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20
Q

What is the RMP of contractile fibers

A

-90mV

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21
Q

What structures are in between cardiac muscle cells that contain several gap junctions and desmosomes

A

Intercalated disks

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22
Q

What ion causes depolarization in contractile fibers?

A

Sodium ions (Na+)

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23
Q

What causes repolarization of contractile fibers

A

Closure of calcium channels and potassium channels remaining open

24
Q

What is the definition given to us for the Conduction system

A

The route used to propagate action potentials throughout the heart muscle

25
Q

What region in the conduction system is known as the “pacemaker” and where does it pass signals

A

The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Passes signals throughout both atria via gap junctions located in intercalated disks

26
Q

Where do Atrioventricular Nodes transport their impulses

A

To the ventricles

27
Q

Why does the AV Node bifurcate to the Right and Left Bundle Branches

A

One branch for each ventricle allowing impulses to pass through the Interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart

28
Q

What is a Electrocardiogram

A

A recording of the electrical changes that accompany the Heart beat

29
Q

What does the P wave represent

A

Atrial depolarization

30
Q

What does the QRS complex represent in a heart beat

A

The onset of Ventricular Depolarization

*Atrial repolarization is hidden in this segment as well

31
Q

What does the T wave represent

A

Ventricular Repolarization

32
Q

What is the P—Q interval

A

The time it takes for an electrical impulse to travel from SA node through the conduction system

Shows the beginning of Atrial excitation to the beginning of Ventricular excitation

33
Q

What is the ST segment represent in a heartbeat

A

The time when the ventricle is fully depolarized

34
Q

What does Systole mean

A

Cardiac Contraction

35
Q

What does diastole mean

A

Relaxation

36
Q

What structure does systole and diastole usually refer to

A

The ventricles

37
Q

Which systole lasts longer:
Atrial systole or
Ventricle systole

A

Ventricle systole lasts 0.3 sec @ 75BPM

Atrial systole lasts 0.1sec @ 75BPM

38
Q

How long is the typical relaxation period during a heartbeat at 75BPM

A

0.4 seconds

39
Q

The act of listening to the sounds of the body (usually with a stethoscope) is called

A

Auscultation

40
Q

What are the two sounds of the heart

A

Lubb and Dupp

41
Q

What disorder is occurring with the heartbeat when the valves of the heart don’t close properly

A

A murmur

42
Q

What is the first heart sound to occur

A

“Lubb”
Associated with the closing of the AV valves @ the beginning of ventricular diastole

43
Q

What happens during the second heart sound “dupp”

A

Associated with the closing of semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

44
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)

A

The volumen of blood ejected Ted by the left ventricle in 1 minute

45
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle

46
Q

What does a persons Cardiac Reserve indicate

A

The ratio between a persons maximum CO and the CO at rest. Usually 4-5 times the resting CO

47
Q

What 3 factors regulate Stroke Volume

A
  1. Stretch (preload): greater stretch = greater contraction
  2. Contractability: strength of the heartbeat
  3. Afterload: pressure that must be overcome before semilunar valve can open
48
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing or decreasing nerve impulses to the heart

A

The cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata

49
Q

What are 3 examples of nerve receptors that have to do with the heart

A
  1. Proprioceptors (monitor position of body parts
  2. Chemoreceptors (monitor chemical changes in the blood)
  3. Baroreceptors (respond to changes in blood pressure)
50
Q

What 4 hormones increase heart rate

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3 and T4

51
Q

What is another term for a heart attack

A

Myocardial Infarction

52
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction

A

A complete obstruction of blood to part of the heart; death of heart muscle

Results in varying degrees of damage which can be repaired by fibrosis

53
Q

What causes Congestive Heart Failure

A

Results from a weakened heart that can’t pump blood adequately.

Causes a back-up (pooling) of blood which lead to edema

54
Q

What disease is defined as the effects of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in the Coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

55
Q

What causes Coronary Artery disease

A

Diet, genetics, smoking, high BP, Diabetes, life style (I.e. too much fun stuff)

56
Q

What term describes the hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

57
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Development of plaques in the endothelium of arteries. Lipids accumulate along with other material

May cause blockage of the vessel

Bio 242 (4 decks)

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