Chapter 20

Question 1

Where is the heart located

Answer 1

Mediastinum

Question 2

What is the Pericardium

Answer 2

A three layered sac that covers the Heart

Question 3

What are the two types of pericardiums

Answer 3

Fibrous and Serous Pericardium

Question 4

What are the 3 layers in the Serous pericardium

Answer 4

Parietal Layer
Visceral Layer
Pericardial cavity (between parietal and visceral layers

Question 5

What does the endocardium cover

Answer 5

Smooth inner layer of endothelial tissue that covers the heart valves

Question 6

What is the outer layer of the heart called

Answer 6

Epicardium

Question 7

What makes up the myocardium and what portion of the heart has myocardium

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle tissue

Makes up a majority of the heart wall

Question 8

What are upper chambers of the heart called

Answer 8

Atria (sing. Atrium)

Question 9

Where does the right Atrium receive deoxygenated blood from

Answer 9

Superior and inferior Vena Cava as well as the coronary sinus

Question 10

Where does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from

Answer 10

The lungs

Question 11

What structure separates ventricles

Answer 11

Interventricular septum

Question 12

Are ventricles superior or inferior to atria

Answer 12

Inferior

Question 13

Is the myocardium thicker in the left or right ventricle

Answer 13

Left ventricle due to the task of pumping blood back into systemic circulation

Question 14

What is the main function of heart valves

Answer 14

Insuring blood is flowing in one direction and not back flowing

Question 15

Where are Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) found

Answer 15

Between atria and ventricles so that blood won’t reenter the atria after leaving

Question 16

What is another name for the right AV valve

Answer 16

Tricuspid Valve which has 3 cusps

Question 17

What is another name for left AV valve

Answer 17

Bicuspid valve or the Mitral Valve

Question 18

What are the two type of Semilunar Valves and where are they

Answer 18

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (next to Rt. Ventricle)
Aortic Semilunar Valve (next to Lt. ventricle)

Question 19

What is the direct path off blood flow through the heart

14 structures

Answer 19

Vena cava & Coronary sinus
Right Atria
Right AV valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left atria
Left AV valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta & coronary arteries

Question 20

What is the RMP of contractile fibers

Answer 20

-90mV

Question 21

What structures are in between cardiac muscle cells that contain several gap junctions and desmosomes

Answer 21

Intercalated disks

Question 22

What ion causes depolarization in contractile fibers?

Answer 22

Sodium ions (Na+)

Question 23

What causes repolarization of contractile fibers

Answer 23

Closure of calcium channels and potassium channels remaining open

Question 24

What is the definition given to us for the Conduction system

Answer 24

The route used to propagate action potentials throughout the heart muscle

Question 25

What region in the conduction system is known as the “pacemaker” and where does it pass signals

Answer 25

The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) Passes signals throughout both atria via gap junctions located in intercalated disks

Question 26

Where do Atrioventricular Nodes transport their impulses

Answer 26

To the ventricles

Question 27

Why does the AV Node bifurcate to the Right and Left Bundle Branches

Answer 27

One branch for each ventricle allowing impulses to pass through the Interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart

Question 28

What is a Electrocardiogram

Answer 28

A recording of the electrical changes that accompany the Heart beat

Question 29

What does the P wave represent

Answer 29

Atrial depolarization

Question 30

What does the QRS complex represent in a heart beat

Answer 30

The onset of Ventricular Depolarization *Atrial repolarization is hidden in this segment as well

Question 31

What does the T wave represent

Answer 31

Ventricular Repolarization

Question 32

What is the P—Q interval

Answer 32

The time it takes for an electrical impulse to travel from SA node through the conduction system Shows the beginning of Atrial excitation to the beginning of Ventricular excitation

Question 33

What is the ST segment represent in a heartbeat

Answer 33

The time when the ventricle is fully depolarized

Question 34

What does Systole mean

Answer 34

Cardiac Contraction

Question 35

What does diastole mean

Answer 35

Relaxation

Question 36

What structure does systole and diastole usually refer to

Answer 36

The ventricles

Question 37

Which systole lasts longer: Atrial systole or Ventricle systole

Answer 37

Ventricle systole lasts 0.3 sec @ 75BPM Atrial systole lasts 0.1sec @ 75BPM

Question 38

How long is the typical relaxation period during a heartbeat at 75BPM

Answer 38

0.4 seconds

Question 39

The act of listening to the sounds of the body (usually with a stethoscope) is called

Answer 39

Auscultation

Question 40

What are the two sounds of the heart

Answer 40

Lubb and Dupp

Question 41

What disorder is occurring with the heartbeat when the valves of the heart don’t close properly

Answer 41

A murmur

Question 42

What is the first heart sound to occur

Answer 42

“Lubb” Associated with the closing of the AV valves @ the beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 43

What happens during the second heart sound “dupp”

Answer 43

Associated with the closing of semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 44

What is cardiac output (CO)

Answer 44

The volumen of blood ejected Ted by the left ventricle in 1 minute

Question 45

What is stroke volume

Answer 45

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle

Question 46

What does a persons Cardiac Reserve indicate

Answer 46

The ratio between a persons maximum CO and the CO at rest. Usually 4-5 times the resting CO

Question 47

What 3 factors regulate Stroke Volume

Answer 47

1. Stretch (preload): greater stretch = greater contraction 2. Contractability: strength of the heartbeat 3. Afterload: pressure that must be overcome before semilunar valve can open

Question 48

What part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing or decreasing nerve impulses to the heart

Answer 48

The cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata

Question 49

What are 3 examples of nerve receptors that have to do with the heart

Answer 49

1. Proprioceptors (monitor position of body parts 2. Chemoreceptors (monitor chemical changes in the blood) 3. Baroreceptors (respond to changes in blood pressure)

Question 50

What 4 hormones increase heart rate

Answer 50

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3 and T4

Question 51

What is another term for a heart attack

Answer 51

Myocardial Infarction

Question 52

What is a Myocardial Infarction

Answer 52

A complete obstruction of blood to part of the heart; death of heart muscle Results in varying degrees of damage which can be repaired by fibrosis

Question 53

What causes Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 53

Results from a weakened heart that can’t pump blood adequately. Causes a back-up (pooling) of blood which lead to edema

Question 54

What disease is defined as the effects of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in the Coronary arteries

Answer 54

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 55

What causes Coronary Artery disease

Answer 55

Diet, genetics, smoking, high BP, Diabetes, life style (I.e. too much fun stuff)

Question 56

What term describes the hardening of the arteries

Answer 56

Arteriosclerosis

Question 57

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 57

Development of plaques in the endothelium of arteries. Lipids accumulate along with other material May cause blockage of the vessel