Chapter 20 Phylogeny

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

the branch of biology that identifies, names and organizes biodiversity into related categories

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

unicellular
no membrane bound organelles (ex: freely floating ribosomes)

Question 3

Eukaryotic

Answer 3

Unicellular/multicellular
have membrane bound organelles (ex: ribosomes bound to rough ER

Question 4

What are the three main domains of living organisms?

Answer 4

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota

Question 5

Domain Bacteria

Answer 5

Consists of prokaryotic unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually

Question 6

Cyanobacteria

Answer 6

A type of domain bacteria. Large, photosynthetic bacteria (may have allowed the first organisms to contribute oxygen to early earth’s atmosphere)

Question 7

Heterotrophic bacteria

Answer 7

A type of domain bacteria. Non photosynthetic bacteria. They are important in ecosystems because they keep the chemical cycling going

Question 8

Domain Archaea

Answer 8

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually. Their plasma membrane and cell wall are chemically different from bacterial cell wall. Bacteria and archaea are different due to their rRNA nucleotide sequences

Question 9

Domain Eukaryota

Answer 9

Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Membrane bound nucleus, and usually sexually reproduce. Ex: Protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Question 10

Protists

Answer 10

Very diverse, this domain is subdivided into 6 supergroups. They are thought to have come from an ancestral protist with plants, animals, and fungi

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

Living species are descendants of ancestral species that are different from the present day ones

Question 12

Systematics

Answer 12

branch of biology that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships. Does this through comparing the traits of living fossil organisms to infer relationships over time

Question 13

Phylogeny

Answer 13

The evolutionary history of a group. Constructed using fossil records and comparing anatomy, development, sequence structure, and DNA/RNA function.

Question 14

Phylogeny tree

Answer 14

shows evolutionary history and evolutionary time. Each branching point is a divergence from a common ancestor and represents an organism that gives rise to two or more new groups. This does include evolutionary time

Question 15

Ancestral traits

Answer 15

Used to build phylogeny trees. Present in all members of a group and in the common ancestor. They are not useful for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestor’s descendants.

Question 16

Derived Traits

Answer 16

Present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor. These are the most important for clarifying evolutionary relationships

Question 17

Cladistics

Answer 17

A method that uses shared derived traits to develop a hypothesis of evolutionary history

Question 18

Cladogram

Answer 18

Type of phylogeny using derived traits to explain evolutionary history of organisms. Does NOT include evolutionary time

Question 19

Parsimony

Answer 19

Cladistics is guided by this principle. Essentially meaning the minimum number of assumptions is the most logical

Question 20

Homologous Trait

Answer 20

Traits that are similar in function as a result of similar evolutionary origin (ex: wolf to dog)

Question 21

Analogous traits

Answer 21

Traits that are similar in function NOT as a result of similar evolutionary origin (ex: bats and birds share flight, but no common ancestor)

Question 22

Parts of a phylogenetic tree

Answer 22

Root
node
clade
taxon
branch

Question 23

root

Answer 23

Common ancestor to all taxa

Question 24

Branch

Answer 24

Relationship between taxa, ancestor, and descendants

Question 25

Taxon

Answer 25

Level of sampling group desires (species, genus, family, etc)

Question 26

Clade

Answer 26

Taxa that are all descendant from a common ancestor