chapter 18 Macro evolution

Question 1

Macro-Evolution

Answer 1

Major differences in allele
frequency that result in so
much genetic change that
a new species is formed

Question 2

Micro-Evolution

Answer 2

Minor differences in allele
frequency within a population
of the same species

Question 3

Theory of Natural Selection

Answer 3

(Wallace and Darwin) Individuals with
favorable genotypes
suited for their
environment are
more likely to
survive, reproduce
and pass on their
genes to the next
generation

Question 4

Inheritance of acquired
characteristics

Answer 4

(Jean Baptise de Lamarck) Organisms
acquire traits during their
lifetime (this is different than darwin’s theory) that they can
then pass down to future
generations

Question 5

What is an example of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Answer 5

Giraffes having short necks then stretching them out to get to food. Continual stretching caused the necks to stay long (within the lifetime)

Question 6

Evolution by Natural
Selection

Answer 6

Organisms
with genotypes that
code for favorable traits,
live to reproduce and
pass their genes to
future generations

Question 7

What is the difference between Darwin and Lamarck’s theories?

Answer 7

Lamarck theorized favorable traits developing in a lifetime and will be passed down to offspring. Darwin focused on having a genetic basis behind evolution through his theory of natural selection.

Question 8

What are the five natural selection assumptions?

Answer 8

1. Organisms carry different genetic
   information
2. Organisms produce more offspring
   than can survive
3. Among organisms there is a
   struggle for survival (competition)
4. Individuals with favorable
   characteristics have a higher rate
   of survival and produce more
   offspring
5. Favorable characteristics become
   more common

Question 9

Adaptation

Answer 9

a heritable trait that helps an
organism’s survival and reproduction in its
present environment

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

physical characteristics (selection works on the phenotype)

Question 11

Genotypes

Answer 11

are the genes that
code for a specific phenotype

Question 12

How do bacteria develop this response and resistance against vaccines?

Answer 12

• Due to natural selection bacteria that have beneficial traits that protect them against the antibiotic survive they are able to reproduce (positive effect and increased fitness)
• Bacteria that do not have favorable characteristics die and do not reproduce (negative effect)

Question 13

Aristotle…

Answer 13

was the first taxonomist
dividing organisms into land, sea, &
air dwellers

Question 14

John Ray…

Answer 14

was the first to use Latin for
naming
* First to give a biological definition
of the term “species”

Question 15

Carolus Linnaeus…

Answer 15

developed the
modern system of naming known as
binomial nomenclature, a two-word
name (Genus & species)

Question 16

Linnaeus Taxonomy: Hierarchical Classification

Answer 16

Each level (taxon)
groups organisms
that share more
physical
characteristics
than the level
above
K - kingdom
P - Phylum
C - class
O - order
F - family
G - genus
S - species

Question 17

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 17

• A two-word name (Genus & species)
• Linnaeus’ groupings focused on
  shared physical characteristics, now
  scientist use molecular techniques
  to classify living organisms
• we only use it for animals now

Question 18

Morphological
Species Concept

Answer 18

Based on analysis of
diagnostic traits
distinguishing one species
from another
- Species can be
distinguished anatomically
by one or more distinct
physical characteristics, but some organisms do not
have many measurable
distinguishable traits.

Question 19

Evolutionary Species
Concept

Answer 19

distinguishes species
from one another based on
morphological (structural)
traits.
- It implies that members of a
species share a distinct
evolutionary pathway, but since fossils don’t give info about color, soft tissue anatomy or behavioral traits, they aren’t of much use

Question 20

Phylogenetic
Species Concept

Answer 20

is used to identify
species based on a
common ancestor.
- It is based on a single
ancestor for two or
more different groups.
- example: the kinds of different giraffes seen in africa

Question 21

Biological species concept

Answer 21

If two individuals can mate with each other and produce viable fertile young, then they are species

two individuals can mate but the offspring is unfit (unable to reproduce etc). This is an example of what would not be a species based on this concept

Question 22

reproductive isolation

Answer 22

the inability for species to mate due to various barriers (genetically, geographically, etc)

Question 23

Pre zygotic mechanical isolation

Answer 23

Reproductive isolation before fertilization
example: bee not being right shape to steal pollen from flowers, thus those flowers are not going to reproduce

Question 24

Post zygotic Mechanical isolation

Answer 24

After fertilization
example: horse + donkey = mule that cannot reproduce

Question 25

Geographic isolation

Answer 25

Species occur in different areas, often separated by physical barriers such as mountains or rivers.

Question 26

Ecological isolation

Answer 26

Species occur in the same area but in different habitats so they rarely encounter each other
example: lizards in different habitats

Question 27

Temporal isolation

Answer 27

species reproduce at different seasons or times of day

Question 28

Behavioral isolation

Answer 28

Species differ in their mating ritual

Question 29

Mechanical isolation

Answer 29

Structural differences between species prevents mating (different parts dont be fitting)

Question 30

Prevention of gamete fusion

Answer 30

Sexual reproduction does occur but the gametes of one species functions poorly and the zygote doesn’t form

Question 31

Zygote mortality

Answer 31

Fertilization occurs but zygote doesnt survive

Question 32

Hybrid sterility

Answer 32

Hybrid survives but is not sterile and cannot reproduce

Question 33

F2 fitness

Answer 33

Hybrid is fertile but the f2 hybrid has reduced fitness (reproductive success)

Question 34

Speciation

Answer 34

the splitting of one species into two OR the transformation of one species into a new species over time

Question 35

allopatric speciation

Answer 35

Two geographically isolated populations of one species become different species over time

Question 36

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 36

One population develops into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographic isolation

Question 37

Divergent Evolution

Answer 37

Accumulation of genetic differences between populations which can lead to the formation of new species originating from a common ancestor

• gives rise to homologous traits: traits that are similar in function due to similar evolutionary origin

Question 38

Adaptive radiation

Answer 38

Occurs when a single ancestral species rapidly gives rise to a variety of new species as each adapts to a specific environment

Question 39

Convergent Evolution

Answer 39

Occurs when a similar bio trait evolves in 2 unrelated species due to exposure to similar environments
(example: birds, bats, and butterflies can all fly (analogous trait), but no winged common ancestors)

Question 40

Analogous traits

Answer 40

traits that are similar in function but not as a result of similar evolutionary origin