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Anatomy Test 4 > Chapter 20 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

Communication, homeostasis, releasing chemical messengers into the blood, works closely with nervous system

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers released by glands into the blood.

Bind receptors on target cells

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3
Q

Specificity of hormones

A

Only get a response at a tissue if the cells of that tissue have receptors that recognize the hormone

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4
Q

Neural

A

Stimulation by autonomic neurons

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5
Q

Hormonal

A

Stimulation by other hormones

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6
Q

Humoral

A

Stimulation by substances (glucose, ions, etc.)

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7
Q

Types of hormones

A

Peptide and steroid

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8
Q

Hormone actions

A

Stimulates DNA in nucleus

Activates 2nd messengers

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9
Q

Control center for endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus release

A

Releases regulatory hormones to anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Produces oxytocin and ADH to be stored in posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Why does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Regulates AND (adrenal medulla)

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

Controlled by hypothalamus

- releasing / inhibiting hormones

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15
Q

Growth hormone

A

Somatotropin; stimulates cell growth and division; stimulates liver to secrete insulin like growth factors

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16
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates release of hormones from thyroid gland

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production and mammary gland growth

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Follicle development and estrogen release from ovaries

Sperm production in testes

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20
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates estrogen release from ovaries and ovulation.

Stimulates testosterone release from testes

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21
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Stimulates rate of melanin release

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22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Water retention, vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

Female: contraction of uterus during labor, milk ejection
Male: prostate gland secretion

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24
Q

Follicular cells

A

Form follicle

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25
Q

The follicular cells make which thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

26
Q

What do the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine do?

A

Increase metabolic rate and temperature

27
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Produce calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels

28
Q

The main cells parathyroid gland has

A

Chief cells

29
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone

30
Q

What do chief cells increase

A

Increase blood calcium

31
Q

2 zones of adrenal glands

A

Cortex and medulla

32
Q

Cortex

A

Synthesizes steroid hormones

33
Q

3 regions to the cortex

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
34
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralcorticoids, retains H2o /sodium

35
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoids, maintain blood glucose levels

36
Q

Androgens

A

Gonadocorticoids, DHEA - can be converted to other hormones

37
Q

I’m the adrenal glands, the medulla secretes which 2 catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

38
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine function

39
Q

In which organ are the islets of langerhans

A

Pancreas

40
Q

Which type of cells does the pancreas have

A

Alpha cells: glucagon

Beta cells: insulin

41
Q

Pineal gland

A

Posterior epithelium, secretes melatonin

42
Q

Thymus

A

Immune function

Stimulates growth of T-lymphocytes

43
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone, stimulates protein synthesis

45
Q

Kidneys secrete which 3 hormones

A

Calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin

46
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates?

A

Stimulates RBC production

47
Q

Renin stimulates?

A

RAAS (more shortly)

48
Q

the heart secretes which hormone?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

49
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates?

A

stimulates water and sodium excretion

50
Q

grave’s disease is a common cause of ___.

A

hyperthyroidism; bulging eyeballs

51
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

excess growth hormone in adulthood; big heads and weird hands

52
Q

what is gigantism?

A

excess growth hormone in childhood; long-long bones

53
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism

A

insufficient growth hormone; epithelial plates sealed, not tall

54
Q

cushing’s disease

A

too much cortisol; central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump

55
Q

addison’s disease

A

too little cortisol; fatigue, weakness, weight loss

56
Q

treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections/insulin pumps

57
Q

treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

diet and exercise

58
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance/insufficient insulin; in adults

59
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disease; insufficient insulin production from pancreas

60
Q

what is autoimmune disease

A

where the immune system attacks body, beta cells destroy insulin

Anatomy Test 4 (5 decks)

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