Chapter 20 - Endocrine System Flashcards
Functions of the endocrine system
Communication, homeostasis, releasing chemical messengers into the blood, works closely with nervous system
Hormones
Chemical messengers released by glands into the blood.
Bind receptors on target cells
Specificity of hormones
Only get a response at a tissue if the cells of that tissue have receptors that recognize the hormone
Neural
Stimulation by autonomic neurons
Hormonal
Stimulation by other hormones
Humoral
Stimulation by substances (glucose, ions, etc.)
Types of hormones
Peptide and steroid
Hormone actions
Stimulates DNA in nucleus
Activates 2nd messengers
Control center for endocrine system
Hypothalamus
What does the hypothalamus release
Releases regulatory hormones to anterior pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus produce?
Produces oxytocin and ADH to be stored in posterior pituitary
Why does the hypothalamus regulate?
Regulates AND (adrenal medulla)
Pituitary gland
Sella turcica
Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Controlled by hypothalamus
- releasing / inhibiting hormones
Growth hormone
Somatotropin; stimulates cell growth and division; stimulates liver to secrete insulin like growth factors
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates release of hormones from thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production and mammary gland growth
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicle development and estrogen release from ovaries
Sperm production in testes
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates estrogen release from ovaries and ovulation.
Stimulates testosterone release from testes
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Stimulates rate of melanin release
Antidiuretic hormone
Water retention, vasoconstriction
Oxytocin
Female: contraction of uterus during labor, milk ejection
Male: prostate gland secretion
Follicular cells
Form follicle
The follicular cells make which thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
What do the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine do?
Increase metabolic rate and temperature
Parafollicular cells
Produce calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels
The main cells parathyroid gland has
Chief cells
What do chief cells secrete
Secrete parathyroid hormone
What do chief cells increase
Increase blood calcium
2 zones of adrenal glands
Cortex and medulla
Cortex
Synthesizes steroid hormones
3 regions to the cortex
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Aldosterone
Mineralcorticoids, retains H2o /sodium
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids, maintain blood glucose levels
Androgens
Gonadocorticoids, DHEA - can be converted to other hormones
I’m the adrenal glands, the medulla secretes which 2 catecholamines?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine function
In which organ are the islets of langerhans
Pancreas
Which type of cells does the pancreas have
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
Pineal gland
Posterior epithelium, secretes melatonin
Thymus
Immune function
Stimulates growth of T-lymphocytes
Ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone
Testes
Testosterone, stimulates protein synthesis
Kidneys secrete which 3 hormones
Calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin
Erythropoietin stimulates?
Stimulates RBC production
Renin stimulates?
RAAS (more shortly)
the heart secretes which hormone?
atrial natriuretic peptide
atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates?
stimulates water and sodium excretion
grave’s disease is a common cause of ___.
hyperthyroidism; bulging eyeballs
what is acromegaly?
excess growth hormone in adulthood; big heads and weird hands
what is gigantism?
excess growth hormone in childhood; long-long bones
what is pituitary dwarfism
insufficient growth hormone; epithelial plates sealed, not tall
cushing’s disease
too much cortisol; central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump
addison’s disease
too little cortisol; fatigue, weakness, weight loss
treatment for type 1 diabetes
insulin injections/insulin pumps
treatment for type 2 diabetes
diet and exercise
what causes type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance/insufficient insulin; in adults
what causes type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease; insufficient insulin production from pancreas
what is autoimmune disease
where the immune system attacks body, beta cells destroy insulin
