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PHM 125 Pharmacology II > Chapter 20: Cancer and Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Cancer and Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer (KHR)

A

A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal (or dysfunctional) cells.

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2
Q

Monoclonal (KHR)

A

Originating from a single cell.

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3
Q

Drivers of cancer (KHR)

A

Genetic alterations that promote cancer progression.

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4
Q

Oncogene (KHR)

A

A gene that promotes cancer formation.

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5
Q

Proto-oncogene (KHR)

A

A gene that codes for growth factors or their receptors.

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6
Q

Tumor suppressor gene (KHR)

A

A gene that turns off or downregulates the proliferation of cancer cells.

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7
Q

Apoptosis (KHR)

A

Programmed cell death.

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8
Q

Tumor cell proliferation (KHR)

A

The exponential rate of growth early on in tumor development.

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9
Q

Tumor burden (KHR)

A

The number of cancer cells in a tumor or the size of the tumor tissue.

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10
Q

Dose-dense chemotherapy (KHR)

A

The practice of administering chemotherapy doses more frequently than in standard treatment to allow fewer cells to regrow between doses.

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11
Q

Cell kill hypothesis (KHR)

A

The predominant hypothesis applied in cancer treatment; presumes that each cycle of chemotherapy kills a certain percentage of cancer cells.

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12
Q

Localized (KHR)

A

Confined to one location in the body.

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13
Q

Metastasis (KHR)

A

The spreading of a tumor from its primary site to other parts of the body.

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14
Q

Resected (KHR)

A

Removed surgically.

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15
Q

Margin (KHR)

A

The area of normal tissue around the site of a tumor.

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16
Q

Negative margin (KHR)

A

An absence of tumor cells bordering the site of a tumor removal.

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17
Q

Radiation therapy (KHR)

A

The use of external beam radiation delivered from a machine outside the body to the site of a tumor.

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18
Q

Adjuvant radiation therapy (KHR)

A

Radiation therapy used in conjunction with surgery to “clean up” areas of residual tumor.

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19
Q

Immunotherapy (KHR)

A

A type of cancer treatment that stimulates the immune system to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.

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20
Q

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (KHR)

A

An agent used in therapies to prevent cancer cells from “turning off” immune cells.

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21
Q

Chemotherapy (KHR)

A

The administration of drugs to treat cancer by killing or stopping the growth of cancer cells.

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22
Q

Primary chemotherapy (KHR)

A

The initial treatment of cancer with chemotherapy with curative intent.

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23
Q

Curative (KHR)

A

An act or treatment administered with the intent to cure an illness.

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24
Q

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (KHR)

A

Chemotherapy used to skrink a tumor so it can be safely and completely removed with surgery.

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25
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy (KHR)

A

The treatment of residual cancer cells after removal or reduction of the tumor by surgery.

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26
Q

Palliative chemotherapy (KHR)

A

Chemotherapy given for cancer that is not curable.

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27
Q

Cytotoxic drug (KHR)

A

A drug that interrupts the normal process of cell function or proliferation.

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28
Q

Cell cycle (KHR)

A

The process by which both normal cells and cancer cells divide.

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29
Q

Cell cycle-specific drug (KHR)

A

A drug that exerts its effects on rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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30
Q

Bone marrow suppression (KHR)

A

A decrease in production of blood cells and increased risks of infections and bleeding.

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31
Q

Alopecia (KHR)

A

Hair loss.

32
Q

Mucositis (KHR)

A

Inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes.

33
Q

Combination chemotherapy (KHR)

A

A regimen of two or more chemotherapy drugs combined to reduce a cancer’s potential resistance to treatment; the agents should have proven efficacy, nonoverlapping toxicities, and different mechanisms of action.

34
Q

Synergistic effect (KHR)

A

The result of a drug combination that elicits an enhanced response because the agents work together to amplify the individual effects of each.

35
Q

Alkylating agents (KHR)

A

A member of a class of cytotoxic drugs that bind to and damage DNA during cell division, preventing cell replication.

36
Q

Peripheral neuropathy (KHR)

A

Extremely painful damage to the peripheral nervous system, especially affecting the hands and feet.

37
Q

Ototoxicity (KHR)

A

The ability to damage the organs of hearing; damage to the nerves that affect hearing.

38
Q

Mutagenic (KHR)

A

Having the ability to cause changes in genetic material.

39
Q

Secondary cancers (KHR)

A

An additional cancer in conjunction with the first cancer the patient was trying to cure.

40
Q

Antimetabolite (KHR)

A

A member of a class of drugs that work during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

41
Q

Nucleotide (KHR)

A

The basic structural component of DNA and RNA.

42
Q

Intrathecal (IT) administration (KHR)

A

The administration of drugs directly into the CNS via a lumbar puncture or spinal tap.

43
Q

Hand-foot syndrome (KHR)

A

A painful sloughing and peeling of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; AKA palmar-plantar erythema.

44
Q

Conjunctivitis (KHR)

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes surrounding the eye; AKA pink eye.

45
Q

Topoisomerase I enzyme (KHR)

A

An enzyme that causes single-strand DNA breaks.

46
Q

Topoisomerase II enzyme (KHR)

A

An enzyme that causes double-strand DNA breaks.

47
Q

Anthracycline (KHR)

A

A member of a large category of topoisomerase II inhibitors; AKA DNA intercalating agent.

48
Q

R-CHOP (KHR)

A

An acronym for a combination of chemotherapy regimen: Rituximab (Rituxan), Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Hydroxydaunorubicin (better known as doxorubicin), Oncovin (brand name of vincristine), and Prednisone.

49
Q

Liposomal product (KHR)

A

A drug prepared in a lipid formulation.

50
Q

Cardiac toxicity (KHR)

A

The ability to cause heart damage.

51
Q

Threshold dose (KHR)

A

The lifetime cumulative dose limit for a drug.

52
Q

Extravasation (KHR)

A

An infusion leak under the skin during administration.

53
Q

Vesicant (KHR)

A

A drug that can cause an extravasation injury.

54
Q

Microtubule (KHR)

A

A part of a cell that helps maintain its structure and is critical to mitosis.

55
Q

Antimicrotubule agent (KHR)

A

A drug that interferes with the formation and function of microtubules.

56
Q

Taxane (KHR)

A

A member of a class of antimicrotubule drugs derived from the bark and needles of yew trees.

57
Q

Vinca alkaloid (KHR)

A

A member of a class of antimicrotubule drugs derived from periwinkle plants.

58
Q

Ileus (KHR)

A

A condition in which gastrointestinal motility is severely reduced.

59
Q

Asparagine (KHR)

A

An amino acid that is needed for leukemia cells to proliferate.

60
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis (KHR)

A

A type of lung toxicity.

61
Q

Antiestrogen (KHR)

A

A member of a class of drugs commonly used to treat breast cancer.

62
Q

Aromatase inhibitor (KHR)

A

A member of a class of drugs that block the effects of estrogen by preventing synthesis of estrogen in the body.

63
Q

Antiandrogen (KHR)

A

A member of a class of drugs that block the activity of testosterone at the receptor level.

64
Q

Gynecomastia (KHR)

A

An enlargement of the breasts.

65
Q

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) / (KHR)

A

A hormone that stimulates the production of reproductive hormones in all genders; AKA gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

66
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (KHR)

A

A member of a drug class that targets CDK-4 and CDK-6, enzymes important to cell division.

67
Q

Targeted anticancer therapy (KHR)

A

A drug therapy directed at specific molecular entities required for tumor cell development, proliferation, and growth.

68
Q

Angiogenesis inhibitor (KHR)

A

A drug that prevents tumor cells from building blood vessels that would supply the tumor with vital nutrients.

69
Q

Monoclonal antibody (KHR)

A

An antibody produced in a laboratory from an isolated specific lymphocyte that produces a pure antibody against a known, specific antigen.

70
Q

Signal transduction inhibitor (KHR)

A

A member of a drug class designed to target tumor cell receptors.

71
Q

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor (KHR)

A

A member of a drug class that blocks the enzyme BTK, a crucial part of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway.

72
Q

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) / (KHR)

A

A protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint with T cells.

73
Q

Cancer immunity cycle (KHR)

A

A series of steps that the immune system performs to elicit an anticancer immune response and cancer cell death.

74
Q

Hazardous material (hazmat) / (KHR)

A

A material that can be dangerous to life or the environment; usually requires a special procedure for cleanup.

75
Q

Personal protective equipment (PPE) / (KHR)

A

Equipment that must be worn at all times when handling hazardous drugs.

76
Q

Spill kit (KHR)

A

A kit used in the cleanup of hazardous drug spills; must be available where hazardous drugs are prepared, administered, or transported.

77
Q

Safety Data Sheet (SDS) / (KHR)

A

The guide for a drug cleanup process.

PHM 125 Pharmacology II (3 decks)

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