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PHM 125 Pharmacology II > Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, Electrolytes, and Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, Electrolytes, and Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin (KHR)

A

An organic substance that the body needs for normal metabolic functioning but does not synthesize, so the body must obtain it from food.

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2
Q

Coenzyme (KHR)

A

A chemical other than a protein that an enzyme needs for assistance in performing a metabolic function.

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3
Q

Fat-soluble vitamin (KHR)

A

A vitamin the body absorbs along with dietary fat and maintains in large stores; the fat-soluable vitamins are A, D, E, and K.

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4
Q

Vitamin A (KHR)

A

A vitamin essential to photoreceptor cell growth and regeneration.

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5
Q

Keratomalacia (KHR)

A

A softening and ulceration of the cornea of the eye.

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6
Q

Vitamin D / Calciferol (KHR)

A

A vitamin with many responsibilities in the body, including regulating calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels.

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7
Q

Vitamin D2 / Ergocalciferol (KHR)

A

Vitamin D that is largely human made and added to foods.

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8
Q

Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol (KHR)

A

Vitamin D that is synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight and can be consumed in the diet throught the intake of certain animal-based foods.

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9
Q

Rickets (KHR)

A

A childhood disease in which a lack of vitamin D results in bone softening and muscle weakness.

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10
Q

Osteomalacia (KHR)

A

A bone disorder that presents as bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and bone fractures and can be treated with vitamin D.

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11
Q

Vitamin E / Tocopherol (KHR)

A

This vitamin is still being defined; it is thought to work as an antioxidant. It is found in a variety of food products, including oils, meat, eggs, and greeen leafy vegetables.

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12
Q

Vitamin K / Phylloquinone & Phytonadione (KHR)

A

Vitamin K functions as a coenzyme for the hepatic production of blood clotting factors and for bone metabolism; found in green leafy vegetables.

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13
Q

Water-soluble vitamin (KHR)

A

A vitamin that is excreted in the urine and is not stored in the body; includes vitamin C and the B vitamins.

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14
Q

Vitamin B1 / Thiamine (KHR)

A

A coenzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism and it plays a role in nerve impulse propagation; found in yeast, legumes, pork, rice, and cereals.

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15
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (KHR)

A

A syndrome in which thiamine deficiency is present; occurs in patients with alcohol use disorder.

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16
Q

Beriberi (KHR)

A

A condition associated with a diet low in vitamin B1, that presents with numbness, tingling, edema, and heart failure.

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17
Q

Vitamin B2 / Riboflavin (KHR)

A

A coenzyme involved in tissue respiration and normal cell metabolism; found in cereals, green vegetables, milk, and some meats.

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18
Q

Vitamin B3 / Niacin (KHR)

A

Essential for reactions in the body that produce adenosine triphosphate. It also helps regulate the production and activity of cholesterol molecules in the blood; found in yeast, peanuts, peas, beans, whole grains, potatoes, and lean meats.

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19
Q

(ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (KHR)

A

A critical molecule in cellular energy production.

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20
Q

Pellagra (KHR)

A

A disease that presents with hyperpigmented rash in areas of exposed skin, swelling of the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, and anxiety; often develops in patients with GI disease or alcohol use disorder.

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21
Q

Vitamin B5 / Pantothenic acid (KHR)

A

A precursor to coenzyme A; found in whole grains, potatoes, chicken, beef, egg yolk, liver, kidney, broccoli, and milk.

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22
Q

Vitamin B6 / Pyridoxine (KHR)

A

Converted in the body to the coenzymes responsible for amino acid metabolism.

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23
Q

Vitamin B7 / Biotin (KHR)

A

A coenzyme involved in metabolism, plays an essential role in many processes, including cell replication; found in peanuts, green leafy vegetables, liver, egg yolk, soybeans, and yeast.

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24
Q

Vitamin B9 / Folic acid & folate (KHR)

A

Plays a major role in intracellular metabolism and the breakdown of homocysteine. It is also involved in the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin; found in green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, grains, and red meat.

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25
Q

Homocysteine (KHR)

A

An amino acid associated with cardiovascular disease.

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26
Q

Vitamin B12 / Cobalamin (KHR)

A

A vitamin naturally occurring in many animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk; also known as cobalamin.

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27
Q

Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid (KHR)

A

Best known for its role in immune sysem function and as an antioxidant; found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, strawberries, blueberries, cabbage, and spinach.

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28
Q

Antioxidant (KHR)

A

One of a number of substances believed to help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals.

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29
Q

Scurvy (KHR)

A

A disease rarely seen in the United States, indicative of severe lack of vitamin C.

30
Q

Electrolyte (KHR)

A

A substance that dissociates into ions within a solution or solvent and is thus capable of conducting electricity.

31
Q

(TBW) Total Body Water (KHR)

A

The amount of water in the body including intracellular and extracellular fluids.

32
Q

Osmosis (KHR)

A

The movement of fluid molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

33
Q

Intracellular (KHR)

A

Within a cell.

34
Q

Extracellular (KHR)

A

Outside of cells.

35
Q

IV fluid (KHR)

A

Products used to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through dehydration.

36
Q

Tonicity (KHR)

A

The concentration of a solute (dissolved substance) in a solvent (liquid vehicle, such as water) and how that concentration affects the movement of water across membranes within the body.

37
Q

Osmolarity (KHR)

A

The concentration of all molecules in a set volume of fluid.

38
Q

Isotonic solution (KHR)

A

A solution with the same level of particles, and thus the same tonicity, as body fluids.

39
Q

Hypertonic solution (KHR)

A

A solution with a higher concentration of solute than bodily fluids contain.

40
Q

Hypotonic solution (KHR)

A

A solution with a lower concentration of solute than bodily fluids.

41
Q

Crystalloid solution (KHR)

A

An IV solution containing electrolytes.

42
Q

Colloid solution (KHR)

A

An IV solution that contains proteins and other large molecules, such as fats.

43
Q

Cation (KHR)

A

A positively charged ion.

44
Q

Anion (KHR)

A

A negatively charged ion.

45
Q

(mEq) Milliequivalents (KHR)

A

A unit commonly used to measure electrolytes.

46
Q

Sodium / Hyponatremia / Hypernatremia (KHR)

A

The primary cation of extracellular fluid / Low sodium concentration / High sodium concentration

47
Q

Potassium / Hypokalemia / Hyperkalemia (KHR)

A

The primary cation of intracellular fluid / Lower-than-normal potassium concentration / Higher-than-normal potassium concentration

48
Q

Calcium / Hypocalcemia / Hypercalcemia (KHR)

A

Important in bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation / Low calcium levels / High calcium levels

49
Q

Magnesium / Hypomagnesemia / Hypermagnesemia (KHR)

A

The second most abundant cation in intracellular fluids / A depletion of magnesium in the body / An excess of magnesium in the body

50
Q

Chloride / Hypochloremia / Hyperchloremia (KHR)

A

Functions to transport CO2, form hydrochloric acid in the stomach, retain potassium, and maintain the osmolarity of the cells / Depletion of chloride / Excess of chloride

51
Q

Phosphate / Hypophosphatemia / Hyperphosphatemia (KHR)

A

An anion that plays an important role in energy production within cells / A drop in phosphate in the bloodstream / Excess phosphate in the blood

52
Q

Acidosis / Metabolic & Respiratory (KHR)

A

A condition that occurs when the pH of blood and/or extracellular fluid drops below the normal range, less than 7.35 / Excess acid is produced, bicarbonate is lost, or the kidneys do not excrete enough acid / Results from slow breathing and retention of CO2 in the blood

53
Q

Alkalosis / Metabolic & Respiratory (KHR)

A

A condition that occurs when there is a relative excess of bicarbonate in the blood and/or extracellular fluid and the pH rises above the normal range, more than 7.45 / Excess acid is excreted via the kidneys or acid is lost from the stomach / Breathing becomes more rapid and more CO2 is exhaled and eliminated from the blood

54
Q

Obesity (KHR)

A

A condition characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.

55
Q

Centrally distributed fat (KHR)

A

Adipose tissue that accumulates in the abdominal area rather than in the hips, thighs, or buttocks.

56
Q

Bariatric Surgery / Banding & Bypass (KHR)

A

Any of several surgical options for achieving significant weight loss / Makes the stomach smaller to prevent excess food intake / Bypasses parts of the intestine to prevent the full absorption of nutrients from foods

57
Q

Lipase inhibitor (KHR)

A

An agent that binds to gastric and pancreatic lipase enzymes in the intestines, preventing enzymes from breaking down fats to be absorbed.

58
Q

Sympathomimetics (KHR)

A

One of a class of drugs that treat obesity by stimulating the CNS, much as amphetamines do.

59
Q

Glucagon-like peptide / GLP-1 (KHR)

A

An agent that treats diabetes by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.

60
Q

Malnutrition (KHR)

A

A lack of adequate nutrient intake to supply basic metabolic needs.

61
Q

Marasmus (KHR)

A

A chronic condition caused by inadequate caloric and protein intake over a prolonged time.

62
Q

Cachexia (KHR)

A

A condition in which muscle and fat tissue waste away.

63
Q

Kwashiorkor (KHR)

A

A condition in which caloric intake is adequate but protein intake is deficient.

64
Q

Enteral nutrition (KHR)

A

A method of feeding a patient liquid nutrients through a tube inserted into the GI tract.

65
Q

Parenteral nutrition / TPN (KHR)

A

Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line.

66
Q

Total nutrient admixture / three-in-one / two-in-one (KHR)

A

An amino acid-dextrose-lipid formulation / A formulation for parenteral nutrition that contains amino acids and dextrose but no lipids

67
Q

Pooling (KHR)

A

A time-saving process used in the preparation of a three-in-one parenteral nutrition in which all electrolytes except phosphate are put into a small-volume parenteral bag and then transferred into each batch.

68
Q

Cracking (KHR)

A

A separation of lipid from a parenteral nutrition solution.

69
Q

Compounder (KHR)

A

An automated pumping system that compounds multiple ingredients into a finished solution in a single patient bag of parenteral nutrition solution.

70
Q

Probiotics (KHR)

A

A live microorganism ingested for health benefits.

PHM 125 Pharmacology II (3 decks)

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