Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, Electrolytes, and Drug Therapy Flashcards
Vitamin (KHR)
An organic substance that the body needs for normal metabolic functioning but does not synthesize, so the body must obtain it from food.
Coenzyme (KHR)
A chemical other than a protein that an enzyme needs for assistance in performing a metabolic function.
Fat-soluble vitamin (KHR)
A vitamin the body absorbs along with dietary fat and maintains in large stores; the fat-soluable vitamins are A, D, E, and K.
Vitamin A (KHR)
A vitamin essential to photoreceptor cell growth and regeneration.
Keratomalacia (KHR)
A softening and ulceration of the cornea of the eye.
Vitamin D / Calciferol (KHR)
A vitamin with many responsibilities in the body, including regulating calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels.
Vitamin D2 / Ergocalciferol (KHR)
Vitamin D that is largely human made and added to foods.
Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol (KHR)
Vitamin D that is synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight and can be consumed in the diet throught the intake of certain animal-based foods.
Rickets (KHR)
A childhood disease in which a lack of vitamin D results in bone softening and muscle weakness.
Osteomalacia (KHR)
A bone disorder that presents as bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and bone fractures and can be treated with vitamin D.
Vitamin E / Tocopherol (KHR)
This vitamin is still being defined; it is thought to work as an antioxidant. It is found in a variety of food products, including oils, meat, eggs, and greeen leafy vegetables.
Vitamin K / Phylloquinone & Phytonadione (KHR)
Vitamin K functions as a coenzyme for the hepatic production of blood clotting factors and for bone metabolism; found in green leafy vegetables.
Water-soluble vitamin (KHR)
A vitamin that is excreted in the urine and is not stored in the body; includes vitamin C and the B vitamins.
Vitamin B1 / Thiamine (KHR)
A coenzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism and it plays a role in nerve impulse propagation; found in yeast, legumes, pork, rice, and cereals.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (KHR)
A syndrome in which thiamine deficiency is present; occurs in patients with alcohol use disorder.
Beriberi (KHR)
A condition associated with a diet low in vitamin B1, that presents with numbness, tingling, edema, and heart failure.
Vitamin B2 / Riboflavin (KHR)
A coenzyme involved in tissue respiration and normal cell metabolism; found in cereals, green vegetables, milk, and some meats.
Vitamin B3 / Niacin (KHR)
Essential for reactions in the body that produce adenosine triphosphate. It also helps regulate the production and activity of cholesterol molecules in the blood; found in yeast, peanuts, peas, beans, whole grains, potatoes, and lean meats.
(ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (KHR)
A critical molecule in cellular energy production.
Pellagra (KHR)
A disease that presents with hyperpigmented rash in areas of exposed skin, swelling of the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, and anxiety; often develops in patients with GI disease or alcohol use disorder.
Vitamin B5 / Pantothenic acid (KHR)
A precursor to coenzyme A; found in whole grains, potatoes, chicken, beef, egg yolk, liver, kidney, broccoli, and milk.
Vitamin B6 / Pyridoxine (KHR)
Converted in the body to the coenzymes responsible for amino acid metabolism.
Vitamin B7 / Biotin (KHR)
A coenzyme involved in metabolism, plays an essential role in many processes, including cell replication; found in peanuts, green leafy vegetables, liver, egg yolk, soybeans, and yeast.
Vitamin B9 / Folic acid & folate (KHR)
Plays a major role in intracellular metabolism and the breakdown of homocysteine. It is also involved in the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin; found in green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, grains, and red meat.
Homocysteine (KHR)
An amino acid associated with cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin B12 / Cobalamin (KHR)
A vitamin naturally occurring in many animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk; also known as cobalamin.
Vitamin C / Ascorbic acid (KHR)
Best known for its role in immune sysem function and as an antioxidant; found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, strawberries, blueberries, cabbage, and spinach.
Antioxidant (KHR)
One of a number of substances believed to help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals.
Scurvy (KHR)
A disease rarely seen in the United States, indicative of severe lack of vitamin C.
Electrolyte (KHR)
A substance that dissociates into ions within a solution or solvent and is thus capable of conducting electricity.
(TBW) Total Body Water (KHR)
The amount of water in the body including intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Osmosis (KHR)
The movement of fluid molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Intracellular (KHR)
Within a cell.
Extracellular (KHR)
Outside of cells.
IV fluid (KHR)
Products used to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through dehydration.
Tonicity (KHR)
The concentration of a solute (dissolved substance) in a solvent (liquid vehicle, such as water) and how that concentration affects the movement of water across membranes within the body.
Osmolarity (KHR)
The concentration of all molecules in a set volume of fluid.
Isotonic solution (KHR)
A solution with the same level of particles, and thus the same tonicity, as body fluids.
Hypertonic solution (KHR)
A solution with a higher concentration of solute than bodily fluids contain.
Hypotonic solution (KHR)
A solution with a lower concentration of solute than bodily fluids.
Crystalloid solution (KHR)
An IV solution containing electrolytes.
Colloid solution (KHR)
An IV solution that contains proteins and other large molecules, such as fats.
Cation (KHR)
A positively charged ion.
Anion (KHR)
A negatively charged ion.
(mEq) Milliequivalents (KHR)
A unit commonly used to measure electrolytes.
Sodium / Hyponatremia / Hypernatremia (KHR)
The primary cation of extracellular fluid / Low sodium concentration / High sodium concentration
Potassium / Hypokalemia / Hyperkalemia (KHR)
The primary cation of intracellular fluid / Lower-than-normal potassium concentration / Higher-than-normal potassium concentration
Calcium / Hypocalcemia / Hypercalcemia (KHR)
Important in bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation / Low calcium levels / High calcium levels
Magnesium / Hypomagnesemia / Hypermagnesemia (KHR)
The second most abundant cation in intracellular fluids / A depletion of magnesium in the body / An excess of magnesium in the body
Chloride / Hypochloremia / Hyperchloremia (KHR)
Functions to transport CO2, form hydrochloric acid in the stomach, retain potassium, and maintain the osmolarity of the cells / Depletion of chloride / Excess of chloride
Phosphate / Hypophosphatemia / Hyperphosphatemia (KHR)
An anion that plays an important role in energy production within cells / A drop in phosphate in the bloodstream / Excess phosphate in the blood
Acidosis / Metabolic & Respiratory (KHR)
A condition that occurs when the pH of blood and/or extracellular fluid drops below the normal range, less than 7.35 / Excess acid is produced, bicarbonate is lost, or the kidneys do not excrete enough acid / Results from slow breathing and retention of CO2 in the blood
Alkalosis / Metabolic & Respiratory (KHR)
A condition that occurs when there is a relative excess of bicarbonate in the blood and/or extracellular fluid and the pH rises above the normal range, more than 7.45 / Excess acid is excreted via the kidneys or acid is lost from the stomach / Breathing becomes more rapid and more CO2 is exhaled and eliminated from the blood
Obesity (KHR)
A condition characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.
Centrally distributed fat (KHR)
Adipose tissue that accumulates in the abdominal area rather than in the hips, thighs, or buttocks.
Bariatric Surgery / Banding & Bypass (KHR)
Any of several surgical options for achieving significant weight loss / Makes the stomach smaller to prevent excess food intake / Bypasses parts of the intestine to prevent the full absorption of nutrients from foods
Lipase inhibitor (KHR)
An agent that binds to gastric and pancreatic lipase enzymes in the intestines, preventing enzymes from breaking down fats to be absorbed.
Sympathomimetics (KHR)
One of a class of drugs that treat obesity by stimulating the CNS, much as amphetamines do.
Glucagon-like peptide / GLP-1 (KHR)
An agent that treats diabetes by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
Malnutrition (KHR)
A lack of adequate nutrient intake to supply basic metabolic needs.
Marasmus (KHR)
A chronic condition caused by inadequate caloric and protein intake over a prolonged time.
Cachexia (KHR)
A condition in which muscle and fat tissue waste away.
Kwashiorkor (KHR)
A condition in which caloric intake is adequate but protein intake is deficient.
Enteral nutrition (KHR)
A method of feeding a patient liquid nutrients through a tube inserted into the GI tract.
Parenteral nutrition / TPN (KHR)
Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line.
Total nutrient admixture / three-in-one / two-in-one (KHR)
An amino acid-dextrose-lipid formulation / A formulation for parenteral nutrition that contains amino acids and dextrose but no lipids
Pooling (KHR)
A time-saving process used in the preparation of a three-in-one parenteral nutrition in which all electrolytes except phosphate are put into a small-volume parenteral bag and then transferred into each batch.
Cracking (KHR)
A separation of lipid from a parenteral nutrition solution.
Compounder (KHR)
An automated pumping system that compounds multiple ingredients into a finished solution in a single patient bag of parenteral nutrition solution.
Probiotics (KHR)
A live microorganism ingested for health benefits.
