Chapter 18: Pain, Anesthesia, and Drug Therapy Flashcards
Pain (KHR)
Physically or emotionally sensed discomfort that is or may be associated with acute tissue damage or a sensory system malfunction.
Nociceptive pain (KHR)
Pain perceived when tissue is damaged.
Somatic: relates to skin, muscles, and bones.
Visceral: relates to the organs.
Inflammatory pain (KHR)
A type of nociceptive pain; stems from the release of proinflammatory neurotransmitters (histamine, prostaglandins, etc.).
Neuropathic pain (KHR)
Abnormal pain signaling due to overactive nerve fibers.
Centralized pain (KHR)
Pain that occurs when the central nervous system does not process pain signals properly.
Acute pain (KHR)
Associated with trauma or surgery; usually treatable.
Chronic nonmalignant pain (KHR)
Pain that lasts for more than twelve weeks and may or may not have a diagnosed cause.
Chronic malignant pain (KHR)
Pain that accompanies malignant disease and often increases in severity as the disease progresses.
Background pain (KHR)
A term used to describe a constant level of pain.
Breakthrough pain (KHR)
Describes pain of great intensity that appears intermittently.
Provoked pain (KHR)
Pain with a clear cause; more intense than background pain.
Analgesic (KHR)
A drug that alleviates or reduces pain.
Opioid (KHR)
A substance, whether a drug or a chemical naturally produced by the body, that acts on opioid receptors to reduce the sensation of pain; also known as a narcotic.
Opiate (KHR)
Any of the naturally occurring opioid analgesics, such as morphine or codeine, from the poppy flower Papaver somniferum.
Sedation (KHR)
A state of eased anxiety and drowsiness that can typically be induced by opioids.
Euphoria (KHR)
Feelings of well-being.
Dysphoria (KHR)
A state of feeling unwell or unhappy.
Equianalgesic dose (KHR)
A dose that offers an equal amount of analgesia.
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump (KHR)
A means of pain control whereby the patient can regulate, within certain limits, the amount of drug received.
Opioid use disorder (KHR)
A condition that can occur with long-term use of an opioid analgesic; characterized by persistent desire to use opioids, interference with relationships and other life activities, and the need to increase doses to receive the same effects.
Opioid toxicity (KHR)
Results in slow breathing, absence of breathing, deep sedation, lack of response, or a combination of these effects.
Anesthesia (KHR)
An intervention that causes loss of feeling in all or part of the body by manipulating the nervous system to inhibit pain or the conscious perception of pain.
General anesthesia (KHR)
Anesthesia that causes reversible unconsciousness and absence of response to otherwise painful stimuli; during general anesthesia, the patient is unconscious.
Neuraxial anesthesia (KHR)
A type of anesthesia that blocks sensation through the injection of an agent into a nerve in the CNS without making the patient unconscious.
Local anesthesia (KHR)
The production of a transient and reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body without altering alertness or mental function.
Anesthesiologist (KHR)
A physician who oversees administration of anesthesia during surgery.
Hypervolemia (KHR)
Excessive blood volume in the body.
Barbiturate (KHR)
One of a class of CNS depressants that also act as antianxiety, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant agents.
Benzodiazepine (KHR)
One of a class of drugs that act as sedative, hypnotic, antianxiety, and anticonvulsant agents.
Neuromuscular blocking agents (KHR)
An agent that paralyzes the patient’s skeletal muscle.
Endotracheal intubation (KHR)
The insertion of a tube into the trachea to keep it open and deliver oxygen and general anesthesia directly to the lungs.
Anticholinesterase agents (KHR)
One of a class of drugs that potentiate the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine.
Malignant hyperthermia (KHR)
A sudden and rapid rise in body temperature, irregularities in heart rhythm and breathing; a serious side effect of anesthesia.
Ester (KHR)
One of a class of short-acting local anesthetics metabolized in plasma and tissue fluids.
Amide (KHR)
A longer-acting local anesthetic that is metabolized by liver enzymes.
MIgraine (KHR)
A moderate to severe, throbbing, unilateral headache, often accompanied by nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, or hyperesthesia.
Aura (KHR)
An unusual sensation, such as one of light, sound, or taste, occurring at the onset of a seizure or other neurological condition, such as migraine.
5HT agonists (KHR)
Describes a drug that binds to serotonin receptors and causes dilatation of blood vessels in the dura mater, preventing inflammation, and reducing pain signal transmission; also known as triptans.
Ergot (KHR)
A group of fungi from which is derived the alkaloid ergotamine, which is used in the treatment of migraines.
CGRP receptor antagonist (KHR)
A member of the drug class that works by blocking activation of the trigeminal pain pathways.
Caffeine (KHR)
A CNS stimulant used in combination with other analgesics to treat headache.
Capsaicin (KHR)
Chemical derived from cayenne peppers; used as a topical treatment for pain.
Feverfew (KHR)
Plant product used orally for migraine pain.
Butterbur (KHR)
Herbal product; thought to prevent migraines.
