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Bio 166 > Chapter 20 - Blood vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Blood vessels Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three layers of the vessel wall?

A
  1. Tunica interna 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa
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2
Q

What are the primary functions of blood vessels?

A
  1. To form a closed system of tubes 2. To transport materials throughout the body 3. They play an important role in adjusting velocity and volume of blood flow
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3
Q

What do blood vessels transport throughout the body?

A
  1. They carry nutrients to cells 2. They carry waste away from excretions
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4
Q

The circulation of blood flow

A

Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart

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5
Q

This is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall and consists of three parts

A

Internal Elastic Lamina

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6
Q

This is a single layer of cells in direct contact with the blood

A

Endothelium of Tunica interna

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7
Q

This has: 1. Endothelium 2. Basement membrane 3. Internally elastic lamina

A

Tunica interna

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8
Q

This anchors endothelium to underlying Connective tissues

A

Basement membrane of Tunica interna

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9
Q

This is a thin sheet of elastic fibers that separates this layer from the Tunica media

A

Tunica interna

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10
Q

This is the middle layer of blood vessel walls

A

Tunica media

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11
Q

This has smooth muscles and elastic fibers

A

Tunica Media

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12
Q

This wraps circularly around the vessel

A

Smooth muscles of Tunica media

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13
Q

This regulates the diameter of the vessel lumen

A

Smooth muscle of the Tunica media

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14
Q

This is the outermost layer of a blood vessel wall

A

Tunica externa

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15
Q

This is separate from that Tunica media by the external elastic Lamina

A

Tunica externa

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16
Q

This consists mainly of elastics and collagen fibers

A

Tunica externa

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17
Q

This protects the vessels and anchors it to the surrounding tissue

A

Elastic and collagen fibers of Tunica externa

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18
Q

This contains many nerves

A

Tunica externa

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19
Q

It is supplied by its own set of tiny vessels call vasa vasorum

A

Tunica externa

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20
Q

A network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels

A

Vasa vasorum

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21
Q

This artery is the largest in diameter and is near the heart

A

Elastic arteries

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22
Q

This artery has the highest proportion of elastic fibers in Tunica media

A

Elastic arteries

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23
Q

This artery help propel blood onward while ventricles are relaxing

A

Elastic arteries

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24
Q

What happens to the ventricles when there is a surge of blood?

A

It stretches

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25
Q

What happens to the ventricles when pressure decreases?

A

It recoils

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26
Q

This artery allow blood to flow smoothly and continuously even though the heart is alternately contracting and relaxing

A

Elastic arteries

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27
Q

This is also call conducting arteries

A

Elastic arteries

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28
Q

Why are you elastic arteries also call conducting arteries?

A

Because they conduct blood from the heart to muscular arteries

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29
Q

This artery is medium-size and distal to elastic arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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30
Q

The Tunica media of this artery has more smooth muscles and fewer elastic fibers than elastic arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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31
Q

That Tunica media of this artery walls are very thick

A

Muscular arteries

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32
Q

This artery is very active in vasoconstriction

A

Muscular arteries

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33
Q

This artery adjust bloodflow and blood pressure through vasoconstriction

A

Muscular arteries

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34
Q

This artery is capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Muscular arteries

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35
Q

They are also call distributing arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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36
Q

Why are muscular arteries also call distributing arteries?

A

Because muscular arteries continue to branch and ultimately distribute blood to each of the various regions of the body

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37
Q

The union of branches of two or more artery supplying the same body region

A

Anastomoses

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38
Q

This can provide alternative routes for blood to reach a tissue or organ

A

Anastomoses

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39
Q

The alternative circulatory route of blood flow to body parts through anastomosis

A

Collateral circulation

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40
Q

Arteries that do not anastomosis

A

End arteries

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41
Q

Muscular arteries are divided into smaller arteries which divide into what?

A

Arterioles

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42
Q

The Tunics minimize as they near capillary beds

A

Arterioles

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43
Q

They are mostly muscles but have a thin Tunica interna

A

Arterioles

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44
Q

The most distal end of the arteriole is called what?

A

Metarteriole

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45
Q

This Feeds the capillary beds

A

Metartetioles

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46
Q

This regulates blood flow into the capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincter

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47
Q

This vessel regulates resistance

A

Arterioles

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48
Q

What increases resistance of Arterioles?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

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49
Q

What can significantly affect blood pressure?

A

Resistance in the Arterioles

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50
Q

A microscopic vessels that connects Arterioles to venules

A

Capillaries

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51
Q

This function in the exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

52
Q

They are fed by metarterioles

A

Capillaries

53
Q

They are found near almost every cell in the body

A

Capillaries

54
Q

Their number varies with metabolic activity of tissues they serve

A

Capillaries

55
Q

This constrict to restrict flow

A

Precapillary sphincters

56
Q

The walls consists of a single layer of epithelium and a basement membrane

A

The structure of capillaries

57
Q

The capillary bed is a network of how many capillaries that branch from a single metarteriole

A

10-100

58
Q

Blood flows through all capillaries in a capillary bed or through a Center vessel call a thoroughfare Channel

A

The structure of capillaries

59
Q

The distal end of the vessel and has no smooth muscles

A

Thoroughfare channel

60
Q

This provides direct route for blood from an arteriole to a Venule, bypassing capillaries

A

Thoroughfare channel

61
Q

The ability of a tissue to match blood flow to its metabolic needs

A

Autoregulations of capillaries

62
Q

This is very important in the brain, heart and skeletal muscles

A

Autoregulation of capillaries

63
Q

Vasoconstrictors cause constrictions of precapillary sphincters

A

Autoregulation of capillaries

64
Q

Vasodilators release by cells causes relaxation of precapillary sphincter

A

Autoregulations of capillaries

65
Q

What are the three capillary type?

A
  1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoids
66
Q

Endothelial cells with only small gaps bewteen cells called intercellular clefts

A

Continuous Capillaries

67
Q

Endothelial cells that allow for more exchange of materials

A

Fenestrated Capillaries

68
Q

Walls have very large pores that allow large molecules and even blood cells to pass through

A

Sinusoids Capillaries

69
Q

What does teh capillary exchange mechanisms include?

A
  1. Diffusion 2. Transcytosis 3. Bulk flow
70
Q

Molecules move down their concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

71
Q

Mainly important for large, lipid-insoluble molecules

A

Transcytosis

72
Q

“pushes” fluid out of the blood into interstitial fluid

A

Capillary blood pressure

73
Q

Helps blood retain fluids in vessels

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressures

74
Q

When water is drawn into the blood because of the large number of plasma proteins

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressures

75
Q

PRessure driven movement of fluid and solutes FROM blood INTO interstitial fluid

A

Filtration

76
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

Mostly at teh arterial end of a capillary

77
Q

Pressures driven FROM interstitial fluid INTO blood vessels

A

Reabsorption

78
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

Mostly at the venous end of a capillary

79
Q

What does capillaries unite to form?

A

Venules

80
Q

Where do venules circulate to?

A

They drain into veins

81
Q

Are thin walled and some are ver porous

A

Venules

82
Q

Return blood to the heart

A

Veins

83
Q

Have all 3 Tunica layers

A

Veins

84
Q

Thinner than arteries

A

Veins

85
Q

Many have valves to prevent back flow

A

Veins

86
Q

Has a low pressure system

A

Veins

87
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Leaky venous valves

88
Q

Leaky valves allow blood to back flow and pool in the veins and fluid leaks out into surrounding tissues

A

Varicose veins

89
Q

This creates pressure that distends the veins

A

Leaky valves that backflow and pool in the veins

90
Q

Are most common in superficial veins of lower limbs

A

Vericose veins

91
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

They are varicose veins in the anal canal

92
Q

Where is blood mostly at?

A

The systemic veins and venules

93
Q

What precent of blood is in the systemic veins and venules?

A

64%

94
Q

What is another name for systemic veins and venules?

A

Blood reservoirs

95
Q

Brain stem can vasoconstrict these vessels allowing greater blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Blood reservoirs

96
Q

Mechanisms that “pump” blood from lower body to heart

A

Venous return

97
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

When the skeletal muscles squeeze veins as teh contract

98
Q

Respiratory pump

A

during inhalation, the diaphragm moves downward increasing pressure in abdominal cavity and decreasing pressure in thoracic cavity

99
Q

Abdominal veins are compressed and blood forced upward

A

Respiratory pump

100
Q

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period

A

Blood flow

101
Q

What is the equation of blood flow?

A

mL/min

102
Q

What is the Total Blood Flow?

A

Cardiac Output (CO) the volume of blood that circualtes through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

103
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels

104
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The highest pressure attained in arteries during ventricular systole

105
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The lowest pressure during ventricular diastole

106
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

107
Q

What is Mean arterial pressure?

A

The average of systolic and diastolic pressure

108
Q

MAP stands for what?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

109
Q

Pressure exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels

A

hydrostatic pressure

110
Q

The highest pressure attained in arteries during ventricular systole

A

systolic blood pressure

111
Q

The lowest pressure during ventricular diastole

A

diastolic blood pressure

112
Q

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

pulse pressure

113
Q

The average of systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

114
Q

What are the main factors that influence blood pressure?

A
  1. Cardiac Output (CO) 2. Peripheral Resistance (PR) 3. Blood volume
115
Q

What is the equation for blood prssure?

A

CO x PR

116
Q

How are blood pressure varied?

A

Directly by CO, PR and blood volume

117
Q

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of vessels

A

Vascular Resistances

118
Q

Another name for Vascular resistances

A

Peripheral resistance (PR)

119
Q

What happens when you increase resistance?

A

BP increases

120
Q

What happens when you decrease resistance?

A

BP decreases

121
Q

What 3 things does systemic vascular resistance depends on?

A
  1. Size of Lumen 2. Blood viscosity 3. Vessel Length
122
Q

What happens when you have thinner blood?

A

Less resistance

123
Q

What happens when you have a larger lumen vessel?

A

Less resistance

124
Q

What happens when the vessel length is shorter?

A

Less resistance

125
Q

1 xtra lb equals how many miles of blood vessels

A

200 miles of blood vessels

126
Q
A

Bio 166 (4 decks)

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