Chapter 20 Flashcards
What does a phylogeny show?
a phylogeny shows the EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY of a species or a group of species
What’s binomial nomenclature?
a way of naming organisms
What’s the binomial nomenclature naming format?
- first part:
- the genus the organism is in
- second part:
- the species’ unique name
What’s the Linnaeueus taxonomic system?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What’s a taxon?
a taxon is a taxonomic unit in the linnaeous taxonomic system
examples of taxons?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What are SISTER TAXA?
Sister taxa are animals that share an IMMEDIATE common ancestor
What’s a BASAL TAXON?
A basal taxon is a lineage that diverges EARLY in the history of a group
What’s POLYTOMY?
polygamy is a branch point from which MORE THAN TWO descendant groups emerge
What’re homologous structures?
similarities because of a COMMON ANCESTOR
What’re analogous structures?
similarities NOT because of a common ancestor
What’re analogous structures ALSO KNOWN AS?
They’re also known as HOMOPLASIES
What’s a MONOPHYLETIC group?
a monophyletic group includes an ancestor and ALL of its descendants
What’s a PARAPHYLETIC group?
a paraphyletic group includes an ancestor and SOME, but NOT all of its descendants
What’s a POLYPHYLETIC group?
a polyphyletic group includes taxa. with DIFFERENT ANCESTORS.
What’s a shared ancestral character?
a character that’s shared and comes from an ancestor
What’s a shared derived character?
a character that’s shared but didn’t come from an ancestor
What’s an OUTGROUP?
an outgroup is a species that diverged before the lineage we are studying
What’s an INGROUP?
an ingroup is the lineage we are STUDYING
What’s maximum parsimony?
maximum parsimony is when you should first investigate the simplest explanation that’s consistent with the facts
What’s the most PARSIMONIOUS tree?
the most parsimonious tree evolved the LEAST.
