Chapter 20 Flashcards
1
Q
The human female determines the sex of her offspring.
TRUE or FALSE
A
The human female determines the sex of her offspring.
Answer:FALSE
2
Q
How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? A. 23 pair B. 46 C. 22 pair D. 2 pair
A
How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells?
C. 22 pair
3
Q
What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases? A. genomic B. epigenetic C. mutation D. None of the choices is correct.
A
What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases?
B. epigenetic
4
Q
What type of genes are found on the Y chromosome? A. X-transposed genes B. degenerate genes C. testis-specific genes D. All of the choices are correct.
A
What type of genes are found on the Y chromosome?
D. All of the choices are correct.
5
Q
Genomic imprinting allows for differing expressions of an allele.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Genomic imprinting allows for differing expressions of an allele.
TRUE
6
Q
Epigenetic changes can not be passed on to a zygote.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Epigenetic changes can not be passed on to a zygote.
FALSE
7
Q
Regions of DNA that read the same forward as backward are called \_\_\_\_\_\_ and include the testisspecific genes on the Y chromosome. A. palindromes B. autosomes C. haploid D. genomic
A
Regions of DNA that read the same forward as backward are called ______ and include the testisspecific
genes on the Y chromosome.
A. palindromes
8
Q
Barr bodies are normally only found in the cells of female mammals.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Barr bodies are normally only found in the cells of female mammals.
TRUE
9
Q
A fertilized egg is called a/an A. autosome. B. zygote. C. ovum. D. Barr body.
A
A fertilized egg is called a/an
B. zygote.
10
Q
Which of the following would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men? A. an X chromosome B. a Y chromosome C. a Barr body D. 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes
A
Which of the following would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men?
C. a Barr body
11
Q
Cryptorchid males do not produce testosterone.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Cryptorchid males do not produce testosterone.
FALSE
12
Q
Deletion of the SRY gene would cause male fetuses to develop as females.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Deletion of the SRY gene would cause male fetuses to develop as females.
TRUE
13
Q
Patients with Turner’s syndrome have 47 chromosomes and appear female.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Patients with Turner’s syndrome have 47 chromosomes and appear female.
FALSE
14
Q
Leydig cells in the male produce Müllerian inhibition factor.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Leydig cells in the male produce Müllerian inhibition factor.
FALSE
15
Q
What is the principle sex steroid in males? A. estrogen B. testosterone C. progesterone D. aldosterone
A
What is the principle sex steroid in males?
B. testosterone
16
Q
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell? A. 23 B. 23 pair C. 46 D. Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
A
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell?
D. Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
17
Q
Female accessory sex organs develop from the mesonephric ducts.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Female accessory sex organs develop from the mesonephric ducts.
FALSE
18
Q
Treating a male fetus with antibodies to DHT would prevent development of the epididymides.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Treating a male fetus with antibodies to DHT would prevent development of the epididymides.
FALSE
19
Q
Dihydrotestosterone is produced by the action of the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase on testosterone.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Dihydrotestosterone is produced by the action of the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase on testosterone.
TRUE
20
Q
Female accessory organs develop because of the presence of ovaries.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Female accessory organs develop because of the presence of ovaries.
FALSE
21
Q
A lack of testosterone in males will cause the genital tubercle to form a(n) A. penis. B. testis. C. clitoris. D. ovary.
A
A lack of testosterone in males will cause the genital tubercle to form a(n)
C. clitoris.
22
Q
The first event to occur during development of the reproductive system would be the
A. descent of the testes into the scrotum.
B. formation of the vagina.
C. onset of testosterone production.
D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
A
The first event to occur during development of the reproductive system would be the
D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
23
Q
Testosterone, not DHT, stimulates embryonic development of A. seminal vesicles. B. ductus deferens. C. ejaculatory duct. D. All of the choices are correct.
A
Testosterone, not DHT, stimulates embryonic development of
D. All of the choices are correct.
24
Q
Males lacking testosterone receptors would
A. develop as genotypic females.
B. have testes and female external genitalia.
C. lack gonads.
D. have male internal genitalia.
A
Males lacking testosterone receptors would
B. have testes and female external genitalia.
25
```
The embryonic urethral fold becomes the female
A. labia minora.
B. labia majora.
C. glans clitoris.
D. All of these choices are correct.
```
The embryonic urethral fold becomes the female
A. labia minora.
26
The most common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism is congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
TRUE or FALSE
The most common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism is congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
TRUE
27
```
Those with testicular feminization syndrome have
A. an extra X chromosome.
B. a missing X chromosome.
C. an extra chromosome 23.
D. no chromosomal number abnormalities.
```
Those with testicular feminization syndrome have
D. no chromosomal number abnormalities.
28
Testosterone levels in the male embryo and fetus are very high throughout the prenatal period.
TRUE or FALSE
Testosterone levels in the male embryo and fetus are very high throughout the prenatal period.
FALSE
29
A male with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency will have male internal sex organs but more female
appearing external genitals.
TRUE or FALSE
A male with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency will have male internal sex organs but more female
appearing external genitals.
TRUE
30
During the first trimester of pregnancy, the ovaries are active endocrine glands.
TRUE or FALSE
During the first trimester of pregnancy, the ovaries are active endocrine glands.
FALSE
31
Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary will affect the gonads in all of the following ways
EXCEPT
A. stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis.
B. stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion.
C. development of internal genital ducts.
D. maintenance of gonad structures.
Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary will affect the gonads in all of the following ways
EXCEPT
C. development of internal genital ducts.
32
The rate at which GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus determines whether LH or FSH is secreted
from the anterior pituitary.
TRUE or FALSE
The rate at which GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus determines whether LH or FSH is secreted
from the anterior pituitary.
TRUE
33
Inhibin prevents release of LH from the anterior pituitary.
| TRUE or FALSE
Inhibin prevents release of LH from the anterior pituitary.
FALSE
34
The gonads have a negative feedback effect on gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary.
TRUE or FALSE
The gonads have a negative feedback effect on gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary.
TRUE
35
Synthetic analogues of GnRH are useful in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and
endometriosis.
TRUE or FALSE
Synthetic analogues of GnRH are useful in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and
endometriosis.
TRUE
36
The secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH are pulsatile instead of continuous.
TRUE or FALSE
The secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH are pulsatile instead of continuous.
TRUE
37
In general, the onset of puberty occurs sooner in boys compared to girls.
TRUE or FALSE
In general, the onset of puberty occurs sooner in boys compared to girls.
FALSE
38
```
The first sign of puberty in females is
A. breast development.
B. menarche.
C. growth spurt.
D. axillary hair.
```
The first sign of puberty in females is
C. growth spurt.
39
What event(s) occur to start puberty?
A. GABA release in hypothalamus is reduced.
B. Glutamate stimulation of the hypothalamus is increased.
C. Increased secretion of GnRH to the anterior pituitary.
D. All of the choices are correct.
What event(s) occur to start puberty?
D. All of the choices are correct.
40
Epiphyseal growth in males is stimulated by estrogen.
| TRUE or FALSE
Epiphyseal growth in males is stimulated by estrogen.
TRUE
41
Pubic and axillary hair growth at puberty is from increased secretion of
A. anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
B. estrogen and testosterone from the onads.
C. androgens from the adrenal cortex.
D. melatonin from the pineal gland.
Pubic and axillary hair growth at puberty is from increased secretion of
A. anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
42
The role of melatonin in puberty of humans is well established and critical.
TRUE or FALSE
The role of melatonin in puberty of humans is well established and critical.
FALSE
43
Longitudinal growth during development is dependent on estrogen stimulation of the epiphyseal
growth plates in both males and females.
TRUE or FALSE
Longitudinal growth during development is dependent on estrogen stimulation of the epiphyseal
growth plates in both males and females.
TRUE
44
Women who are very lean and physically active may have irregular cycles and amenorrhea.
TRUE or FALSE
Women who are very lean and physically active may have irregular cycles and amenorrhea.
TRUE
45
In males androgens are required for
A. initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty.
B. regression of the wolffian ducts during embryonic development.
C. maintenance of accessory sex organs.
D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
In males androgens are required for
C. maintenance of accessory sex organs.
46
Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis?
A. tryptophan
B. serotonin
C. tyrosine
D. Both tryptophan and serotonin are correct.
Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis?
A. tryptophan
47
The correct order of the four phases of sexual response in both sexes would be
A. excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
B. plateau, excitation, orgasm, resolution.
C. orgasm, excitation, resolution, plateau.
D. resolution, plateau, excitation, orgasm.
The correct order of the four phases of sexual response in both sexes would be
A. excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
48
Women do not enter a refractory period following orgasm and are capable of multiple orgasms.
TRUE or FALSE
Women do not enter a refractory period following orgasm and are capable of multiple orgasms.
TRUE
49
Match the event to the phase of sexual response.
1. resolution
2. excitation
3. orgasm
4. plateau
A.Erection of penis and clitoris
ejaculation in males and B.Contraction of vagina in females
C.Return to pre-excitement condition
D.Plateau engorgement of labia with blood
Match the event to the phase of sexual response.
1. resolution
2. excitation
3. orgasm
4. plateau
A.Erection of penis and clitoris-2
ejaculation in males and B.Contraction of vagina in females-3
C.Return to pre-excitement condition-1
D.Plateau engorgement of labia with blood-4
50
```
The majority of the testis is comprised of
A. Leydig cells.
B. interstitial cells.
C. Sertoli cells.
D. seminiferous tubules.
```
The majority of the testis is comprised of
D. seminiferous tubules.
51
```
Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________.
A. FSH, LH
B. LH, FSH
C. testosterone, LH
D. FSH, testosterone
```
Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________.
A. FSH, LH
52
In males, conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the brain is essential for normal regulation of LH
secretion.
TRUE or FALSE
In males, conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the brain is essential for normal regulation of LH
secretion.
TRUE
53
```
What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain?
A. 5-alpha reductase
B. aromatase
C. ATPase
D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
```
What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain?
B. aromatase
54
Secretion of LH is inhibited by
A. high concentrations of inhibin.
B. rapidly rising concentrations of estradiol.
C. high concentrations of testosterone.
D. decreasing concentrations of progesterone.
Secretion of LH is inhibited by
C. high concentrations of testosterone.
55
In males, the levels of testosterone decline drastically with age.
TRUE or FALSE
In males, the levels of testosterone decline drastically with age.
FALSE
56
Developing sperm cells produce estrogen that may serve to regulate their environment.
TRUE or FALSE
Developing sperm cells produce estrogen that may serve to regulate their environment.
TRUE
57
```
Male androgens
A. stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth.
B. stimulate bone growth.
C. stimulate erythropoiesis.
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
Male androgens
D. All of the choices are correct.
58
```
Estrogen may play a role in spermatogenesis as evidenced by estrogen receptors found on
developing
A. sperm cells.
B. brains.
C. uterine.
D. oocytes.
```
Estrogen may play a role in spermatogenesis as evidenced by estrogen receptors found on
developing.
A. sperm cells.
59
Damage to the Sertoli cells would result in the production of antibodies against sperm cells.
TRUE or FALSE
Damage to the Sertoli cells would result in the production of antibodies against sperm cells.
TRUE
60
The Leydig cells of the testes constitute a blood-testis barrier that prevents autoimmune destruction of
the sperm.
TRUE or FALSE
The Leydig cells of the testes constitute a blood-testis barrier that prevents autoimmune destruction of the sperm.
FALSE
61
Secretions of the Sertoli cells and cells of Leydig influence the functions of each other.
TRUE or FALSE
Secretions of the Sertoli cells and cells of Leydig influence the functions of each other.
TRUE
62
```
What occurs during spermiogenesis?
A. chromosomes are compacted by protamines
B. flagellum and acrosome form
C. cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
What occurs during spermiogenesis?
D. All of the choices are correct.
63
```
After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed.
A. primary spermatocytes
B. secondary spermatocytes
C. spermatids
D. spermatozoa
```
After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed.
B. secondary spermatocytes
64
```
Apoptosis of T lymphocytes requires that Sertoli cells produce
A. FAS ligand.
B. androgen-binding protein.
C. testosterone.
D. All of these choices are correct.
```
Apoptosis of T lymphocytes requires that Sertoli cells produce
A. FAS ligand.
65
```
Spermatogenesis is regulated by
A. FSH.
B. testosterone and its derivatives.
C. growth hormone.
D. progesterone.
```
Spermatogenesis is regulated by
B. testosterone and its derivatives.
66
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?
A. production of androgen-binding protein
B. FSH stimulation of spermiogenesis
C. protection of developing sperm from the male's immune system
D. production of testosterone
Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?
D. production of testosterone
67
FSH is necessary for spermiogenesis to occur.
| TRUE or FALSE
FSH is necessary for spermiogenesis to occur.
FALSE
68
```
Tight junctions between ___________ are responsible for the formation of the blood-testis barrier.
A. Leydig cells
B. Sertoli cells
C. spermatogonial cells
D. trophoblast cells
```
Tight junctions between ___________ are responsible for the formation of the blood-testis barrier.
B. Sertoli cells
69
```
Removal of the ___________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm
cells.
A. seminal vesicles
B. prostate
C. testis
D. epididymis
```
Removal of the ___________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm
cells.
A. seminal vesicles
70
```
Sperm are stored and matured in the
A. vas deferens.
B. seminal vesicles.
C. epididymis.
D. prostate gland.
```
Sperm are stored and matured in the
C. epididymis.
71
```
About 60% of the volume of semen is produced by the
A. seminal vesicles.
B. prostate gland.
C. bulbourethral glands.
D. testes.
```
About 60% of the volume of semen is produced by the
A. seminal vesicles.
72
Emission and ejaculation are under parasympathetic nerve control.
TRUE or FALSE
Emission and ejaculation are under parasympathetic nerve control.
FALSE
73
```
The movement of semen into the urethra is called
A. emission.
B. erection.
C. ejaculation.
D. ovulation.
```
The movement of semen into the urethra is called
A. emission.
74
Viagra works by blocking ________________ in order to raise cGMP concentration and promote
vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle of the penis to produce an erection.
A. 5-alpha reductase
B. aromatase
C. ATPase
D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
Viagra works by blocking ________________ in order to raise cGMP concentration and promote
vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle of the penis to produce an erection.
D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
75
Nitric oxide released by endothelial cells in vascular smooth muscle is responsible for smooth muscle
relaxation and therefore responsible for which of the following?
A. reduced blood flow to bronchioles
B. increased blood flow in placenta
C. increased blood flow to the fetus
D. penile erection
Nitric oxide released by endothelial cells in vascular smooth muscle is responsible for smooth muscle
relaxation and therefore responsible for which of the following?
D. penile erection
76
```
The most successful method of contraception is
A. vasectomy.
B. oral contraceptives.
C. the rhythm method.
D. condom usage.
```
The most successful method of contraception is
| A. vasectomy.
77
```
What allows the compaction of chromatin in the process of spermiogenesis?
A. histones
B. acrosome
C. protamines
D. testosterone
```
What allows the compaction of chromatin in the process of spermiogenesis?
C. protamines
78
```
How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium?
A. one
B. two
C. four
D. eight
```
How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium?
C. four
79
Male contraceptive drugs that would block FSH would be very effective for birth control.
TRUE or FALSE
Male contraceptive drugs that would block FSH would be very effective for birth control.
FALSE
80
The myometrium is the inner most layer of the uterus.
| TRUE or FALSE
The myometrium is the inner most layer of the uterus.
FALSE
81
```
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
A. ductus deferens
B. uterus
C. labia majora
D. uterine tub
```
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
A. ductus deferens
82
```
Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system?
A. uterus
B. vagina
C. ovaries
D. uterine tubes
```
Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system?
C. ovaries
83
Meiosis II is not completed in the secondary oocyte until after fertilization.
TRUE or FALSE
Meiosis II is not completed in the secondary oocyte until after fertilization.
TRUE
84
```
Which part of the uterine wall responds to hormone stimulation as part of female cycles?
A. stratum functionale of endometrium
B. perimetrium
C. stratum basale of endometrium
D. myometrium
```
Which part of the uterine wall responds to hormone stimulation as part of female cycles?
A. stratum functionale of endometrium
85
```
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estradiol which is produced by the theca interna cells from
A. FSH.
B. progesterone.
C. testosterone.
D. LH.
```
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estradiol which is produced by the theca interna cells from
C. testosterone.
86
```
Which is NOT characteristic of a graafian follicle?
A. has a fluid-filled antrum
B. granulosa cells secrete estradiol
C. contains a secondary oocyte
D. the oocyte has completed meiosis II
```
Which is NOT characteristic of a graafian follicle?
D. the oocyte has completed meiosis II
87
```
A follicle that does not complete development as a graafian follicle will
A. rest until the next month.
B. continue meiosis.
C. become a primordial follicle.
D. undergo follicle atresia.
```
A follicle that does not complete development as a graafian follicle will
D. undergo follicle atresia.
88
```
What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm and fertilization?
A. zona pellucida
B. corona radiata
C. antrum
D. cumulus oophorus
```
What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm and fertilization?
A. zona pellucida
89
The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone.
| TRUE or FALSE
The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone.
TRUE
90
```
What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube?
A. gestation
B. menstruation
C. ovulation
D. fertilization
```
What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube?
C. ovulation
91
```
What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence?
A. macula lutea
B. corpus luteum
C. fibroids
D. Graafian follicle
```
What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence?
B. corpus luteum
92
The follicular phase is characterized by elevated rising concentrations of estrogen.
TRUE or FALSE
The follicular phase is characterized by elevated rising concentrations of estrogen.
TRUE
93
Luteal regression may be inhibited by
A. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
B. stimulating the synthesis of progesterone.
C. stimulating the synthesis of LH.
D. inhibiting the synthesis of FSH.
Luteal regression may be inhibited by
A. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
94
```
What hormone triggers ovulation?
A. LH
B. FSHC
C. progesterone
D. hCG
```
What hormone triggers ovulation?
A. LH
95
```
The ___________ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase.
A. proliferative
B. secretory
C. menstrual
D. ovulatory
```
The ___________ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase.
B. secretory
96
```
Estradiol amounts rise during the ___________ phase of the endometrial menstrual cycle.
A. proliferative
B. menstrual
C. secretory
D. follicular
```
Estradiol amounts rise during the ___________ phase of the endometrial menstrual cycle.
A. proliferative
97
In the female menstrual cycle
A. ovulation is stimulated by decreasing concentrations of progesterone.
B. menstruation occurs during the last four days of the cycle.
C. progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.
D. the luteal phase is characterized by high circulating concentrations of estrogens.
In the female menstrual cycle
C. progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.
98
```
Spotting between menstrual cycles is termed
A. amenorrhea.
B. dysmenorrhea.
C. menorrhagia.
D. metrorrhagia.
```
Spotting between menstrual cycles is termed
D. metrorrhagia.
99
```
The secretory phase of the endometrium occurs when the ovary is in the
A. follicular phase.
B. luteal phase.
C. menstrual phase.
D. ovulatory phase.
```
The secretory phase of the endometrium occurs when the ovary is in the
B. luteal phase.
100
Women who are thin, athletic, and under prolonged stress which leads to inadequate GnRH release
may experience cessation of menstruation or
A. dysmenorrhea.
B. menorrhea.
C. metrorrhea.
D. functional amenorrhea.
Women who are thin, athletic, and under prolonged stress which leads to inadequate GnRH release
may experience cessation of menstruation or
D. functional amenorrhea.
101
An oocyte is contained in a membrane sac called a follicle.
| TRUE or FALSE
An oocyte is contained in a membrane sac called a follicle.
TRUE
102
```
How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia?
A. one
B. two
C. four
D. eight
```
How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia?
A. one
103
```
What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis?
A. thecal cells
B. follicles
C. antrum
D. polar bodies
```
What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis?
D. polar bodies
104
Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
| TRUE or FALSE
Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
TRUE
105
```
Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is
A. the day ovulation occurs.
B. the first day of the menses.
C. the last day of the menses.
D. the first day of the proliferative phase.
```
Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is
B. the first day of the menses.
106
```
What is the major hormone produced during the luteal phase?
A. progesterone
B. estrogen
C. androgen
D. hCG
```
What is the major hormone produced during the luteal phase?
A. progesterone
107
The LH surge is caused by a ______ feedback effect of increased estradiol.
A. positive
B. negative
The LH surge is caused by a ______ feedback effect of increased estradiol.
A. positive
108
The LH surge is caused by
A. estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses.
B. more FSH receptors placed in granulosa cells.
C. a quick drop in FSH.
D. rapid increase in progesterone.
The LH surge is caused by
A. estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses.
109
```
The LH surge causes
A. menses.
B. ovulation.
C. endometrium build-up.
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
The LH surge causes
B. ovulation.
110
```
High progesterone levels during the luteal phase
A. causes cervical mucus to thicken.
B. suppresses FSH and LH.
C. causes thickening of the endometrium.
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
High progesterone levels during the luteal phase
D. All of the choices are correct.
111
Pheromones are responsible for the dormitory effect of synchronized menstrual cycles of females
living together.
TRUE or FALSE
Pheromones are responsible for the dormitory effect of synchronized menstrual cycles of females
living together.
TRUE
112
```
The Contraceptive Pill contains
A. FSH.
B. estrogen.
C. progesterone.
D. estrogen and progesterone.
```
The Contraceptive Pill contains
D. estrogen and progesterone.
113
For the rhythm method to be successful, coitus (sexual intercourse) must not happen
A. during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
B. 6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation.
C. during the last 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
D. Both during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle and during the last 10 days of the menstrual
cycle.
For the rhythm method to be successful, coitus (sexual intercourse) must not happen
B. 6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation.
114
The secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) will ___________ during menopause.
A. increase
B. decrease
C. remain the same
The secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) will ___________ during menopause.
A. increase
115
```
The weak form of estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women is termed as
A. estrogen.
B. progesterone.
C. estrone.
D. menopausal estrogen.
```
The weak form of estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women is termed as
C. estrone.
116
Having a greater amount of fat tissue after menopause may reduce the occurance of osteoporosis.
TRUE or FALSE
Having a greater amount of fat tissue after menopause may reduce the occurance of osteoporosis.
TRUE
117
```
The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female
reproductive tract is called
A. capacitation.
B. receptiveness.
C. spermatogenesis.
D. spermiogenesis.
```
The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female
reproductive tract is called
A. capacitation.
118
```
The __________ provides enzymes that allows the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona
pellucida to the oocyte.
A. chorion
B. zygote
C. acrosome
D. blastocyst
```
The __________ provides enzymes that allows the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona
pellucida to the oocyte.
C. acrosome
119
```
What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy?
A. Na+
B. K+
C. Cl--
D. Ca2+
```
What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy?
D. Ca2+
120
```
Besides chromosomes, what else does the sperm provide to the zygote that is necessary for cell
division to occur?
A. mitochondria
B. centrosome
C. enzymes
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
Besides chromosomes, what else does the sperm provide to the zygote that is necessary for cell
division to occur?
B. centrosome
121
The calcium wave that prevents polyspermy also causes
A. the sperm to lose its tail.
B. the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II.
C. mitosis to occur.
D. All of these choices are correct.
The calcium wave that prevents polyspermy also causes
B. the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II.
122
```
The trophoblast cells of the chorion secrete _____ which maintains the corpus luteum thereby
preventing menstruation.
A. GnRH
B. ACTH
C. hCG
D. FSH
```
The trophoblast cells of the chorion secrete _____ which maintains the corpus luteum thereby
preventing menstruation.
C. hCG
123
```
The progressive fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane of the sperm is called
the
A. spermatogenesis.
B. acrosomal reaction.
C. spermiogenesis.
D. capacitation.
```
The progressive fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane of the sperm is called
the
B. acrosomal reaction.
124
```
Ova are fertilized in the
A. cervix.
B. fallopian tubes.
C. uterus.
D. vagina.
```
Ova are fertilized in the
B. fallopian tubes.
125
```
A fertilized egg is called a(n)
A. zygote.
B. blastocyst.
C. morula.
D. embryo.
```
A fertilized egg is called a(n)
A. zygote.
126
```
What process occurs as the zygote travels towards the uterus in the fallopian tubes?
A. cleavage
B. fertilization
C. capacitation
D. polyspermy
```
What process occurs as the zygote travels towards the uterus in the fallopian tubes?
A. cleavage
127
```
In vitro fertilization involves a technique called
A. implantation.
B. cleavage.
C. ICSI.
D. acrosomal reaction.
```
In vitro fertilization involves a technique called
C. ICSI.
128
```
A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a
A. zygote.
B. morula.
C. blastocyst.
D. embryo.
```
A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a
B. morula.
129
```
Nidation is the process of the blastocyst implanting itself into the thick
A. myometrium.
B. fallopian tubes.
C. endometrium.
D. epimetrium.
```
Nidation is the process of the blastocyst implanting itself into the thick
C. endometrium.
130
```
A stem cell that can give rise to all tissues except the trophoblast cells of the placenta is called
A. totipotent.
B. retropotent.
C. multipotent.
D. pluripotent.
```
A stem cell that can give rise to all tissues except the trophoblast cells of the placenta is called
D. pluripotent.
131
```
The blastocyst consists of the
A. blastocyst and amnion.
B. morula and placenta.
C. chorion and inner cell mass.
D. embryo and chorion.
```
The blastocyst consists of the
C. chorion and inner cell mass.
132
```
The possibility that nuclear transplantation from one cell to another could produce stem cells is
referred to as
A. totipotent cloning.
B. reproductive cloning.
C. therapeutic cloning.
D. multipotent cloning.
```
The possibility that nuclear transplantation from one cell to another could produce stem cells is
referred to as
C. therapeutic cloning.
133
```
The ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism if implanted in a uterus is termed as
A. totipotent.
B. multipotent.
C. pluripotent.
D. reproductive cloning.
```
The ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism if implanted in a uterus is termed as
A. totipotent.
134
Inhibition of the decidual reaction would prevent placental formation.
TRUE or FALSE
Inhibition of the decidual reaction would prevent placental formation.
TRUE
135
```
What is the procedure in which some amnionic fluid is aspired in order to obtain sloughed off fetal
cells for examination?
A. placentocentesis
B. amniocentesis
C. chorioncentesis
D. uterocentesis
```
What is the procedure in which some amnionic fluid is aspired in order to obtain sloughed off fetal
cells for examination?
B. amniocentesis
136
```
The chorion frondosum develops from the ___________ layer of the chorion.
A. cytotrophoblast
B. yolk sac
C. syncytiotrophoblast
D. amnion
```
The chorion frondosum develops from the ___________ layer of the chorion.
A. cytotrophoblast
137
```
What is a noninvasive method of determining structural abnormalities in the fetus called?
A. ultrasound
B. chorionic villi biopsy
C. X-ray
D. amniocentesis
```
What is a noninvasive method of determining structural abnormalities in the fetus called?
A. ultrasound
138
Induced pluripotent stem cells are useful for all of the following EXCEPT
A. to test drugs for treatments of diseases.
B. to generate cells with genetic diseases for study.
C. to produce stem cells to treat diseases.
D. to cause cancer.
Induced pluripotent stem cells are useful for all of the following EXCEPT
D. to cause cancer.
139
```
Gonadotropic hormones include all of the following EXCEPT
A. adrenocorticotropin.
B. follicle-stimulating hormone.
C. luteinizing hormone.
D. human chorionic gonadotropin.
```
Gonadotropic hormones include all of the following EXCEPT
A. adrenocorticotropin.
140
```
The last embryonic tissue layer to form is the
A. trophoblast.
B. endoderm.
C. ectoderm.
D. mesoderm.
```
The last embryonic tissue layer to form is the
D. mesoderm.
141
```
Genetic disorders can be detected earliest by
A. amniocentesis.
B. chorionic villus biopsy.
C. newborn screening.
D. ultrasound.
```
Genetic disorders can be detected earliest by
B. chorionic villus biopsy.
142
```
What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion that is used in a pregnancy test to
determine if a woman is pregnant?
A. LH
B. hCG
C. estrogen
D. oxytocin
```
What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion that is used in a pregnancy test to
determine if a woman is pregnant?
B. hCG
143
The chorionic membrane of the zygote has genes from the father and is therefore foreign to the
mother's immune system.
TRUE or FALSE
The chorionic membrane of the zygote has genes from the father and is therefore foreign to the
mother's immune system.
TRUE
144
The placenta has surface FAS ligand receptors that causes apoptosis of T lymphocytes and thus
prevents immune system attack.
TRUE or FALSE
The placenta has surface FAS ligand receptors that causes apoptosis of T lymphocytes and thus
prevents immune system attack.
TRUE
145
```
The maternal contribution to the placenta is the
A. decidua basalis.
B. chorion frondosum.
C. chorionic villi.
D. yolk sac.
```
The maternal contribution to the placenta is the
A. decidua basalis.
146
Blood within the umbilical ___________ contain(s) high concentrations of fetal waste products.
A. arteries
B. veins
C. capillaries
Blood within the umbilical ___________ contain(s) high concentrations of fetal waste products.
A. arteries
147
The placenta is unable to synthesize estrogens from cholesterol.
TRUE or FALSE
The placenta is unable to synthesize estrogens from cholesterol.
TRUE
148
The __________ is an "incomplete endocrine gland" because it cannot produce estrogen and
progesterone without the aid of precursors supplied to it by both the mother and the fetus.
A. ovary
B. uterus
C. placenta
D. uterine tube
The __________ is an "incomplete endocrine gland" because it cannot produce estrogen and
progesterone without the aid of precursors supplied to it by both the mother and the fetus.
C. placenta
149
```
Increased maternal lipolysis is stimulated by the secretion of ___________ by the placenta.
A. human chorionic gonadotropin
B. chorionic somatomammotropin
C. progesterone
D. estrogen
```
Increased maternal lipolysis is stimulated by the secretion of ___________ by the placenta.
B. chorionic somatomammotropin
150
```
The placental hormone which stimulates glucose sparing by maternal tissues is
A. chorionic somatomammotropin.
B. chorionic gonadotropin.
C. progesterone.
D. estrogen.
```
The placental hormone which stimulates glucose sparing by maternal tissues is
A. chorionic somatomammotropin.
151
Initiation of labor involves all of the following EXCEPT
A. corticotropin-releasing hormone from the placenta.
B. DHEAS from the fetal adrenal gland.
C. cortisol from the mother and fetus.
D. human chorionic gonadotropin from the placenta.
Initiation of labor involves all of the following EXCEPT
D. human chorionic gonadotropin from the placenta.
152
Cortisol from the fetal adrenal gland will stimulate maturation of the lungs and production of surfactant.
TRUE of FALSE
Cortisol from the fetal adrenal gland will stimulate maturation of the lungs and production of surfactant.
TRUE
153
DHEAS travels from the fetal adrenal cortex to the placenta where it is converted into oxytocin.
TURE or FALSE
DHEAS travels from the fetal adrenal cortex to the placenta where it is converted into oxytocin.
FALSE
154
Which of the following is NOT a role of estriol in parturition?
A. produces more receptors for oxytocin
B. produces the hormone relaxin
C. produces more receptors for prostaglandins
D. produces more gap junctions between myometrial cells
Which of the following is NOT a role of estriol in parturition?
B. produces the hormone relaxin
155
```
What hormone may play a role in reducing the size of the uterus following delivery?
A. progesterone
B. prostaglandin
C. oxytocin
D. prolactin
```
What hormone may play a role in reducing the size of the uterus following delivery?
C. oxytocin
156
```
The sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin is increased by
A. prostaglandin.
B. progesterone.
C. testosterone.
D. estrogen.
```
The sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin is increased by
D. estrogen.
157
In humans parturition can be blocked by
A. inhibiting the actions of progesterone.
B. stimulating the actions of estrogen.
C. inhibiting the actions of oxytocin.
D. stimulating the actions of chorionic gonadotropin.
In humans parturition can be blocked by
C. inhibiting the actions of oxytocin.
158
```
Genetic screening of newborns using only a drop of blood can determine which of the following
genetic disorders?
A. hypothyroidism
B. cystic fibrosis
C. sickle cell anemia
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
Genetic screening of newborns using only a drop of blood can determine which of the following
genetic disorders?
D. All of the choices are correct.
159
Dopamine may function as a prolactin-inhibiting hormone.
| TRUE or FALSE
Dopamine may function as a prolactin-inhibiting hormone.
TRUE
160
```
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates production of milk proteins?
A. oxytocin
B. growth hormone
C. MSH
D. prolactin
```
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates production of milk proteins?
D. prolactin
161
```
Milk let-down
A. is stimulated by epinephrine.
B. relies only on autonomic nerves.
C. is inhibited by oxytocin.
D. may occur in response to auditory cues.
```
Milk let-down
D. may occur in response to auditory cues.
162
Development of the mammary gland during gestation
A. is inhibited by estrogens.
B. is stimulated by estrogens.
C. is elevated when dopamine is given to pregnant women.
D. requires the permissive effects of insulin, testosterone, and cortisol.
Development of the mammary gland during gestation
B. is stimulated by estrogens.
163
```
Infants that are breastfed receive which of the following from the mother?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgF
D. IgE
```
Infants that are breastfed receive which of the following from the mother?
A. IgA
164
The stimulus of sucking causes release of prolactin-releasing hormone via a neuroendocrine
reflex.
TRUE or FALSE
The stimulus of sucking causes release of prolactin-releasing hormone via a neuroendocrine
reflex.
TRUE
165
Breastfeeding is an excellent contraceptive for women in developed countries.
TRUE or FALSE
Breastfeeding is an excellent contraceptive for women in developed countries.
FALSE
166
```
If a male has his testes removed following testicular cancer, which of the following is likely to occur:
A. decreased FSH/LH secretion.
B. increased testosterone production.
C. increased inhibin production.
D. increased levels of GnRH.
```
If a male has his testes removed following testicular cancer, which of the following is likely to occur:
D. increased levels of GnRH.
167
Lack of adequate progesterone post ovulation can lead to a miscarriage. Which of the following could
cause the decreased progesterone levels?
A. increased estrogen production from the ovaries
B. increased FSH from the anterior pituitary gland
C. lack of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone production
D. lack of estradiol from the corpus albicans
Lack of adequate progesterone post ovulation can lead to a miscarriage. Which of the following could
cause the decreased progesterone levels?
C. lack of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone production
168
```
Lack of cGMP can lead to which of the following conditions:
A. infertility.
B. nondisjunction.
C. endometriosis.
D. erectile dysfunction.
E. ammenorrhea.
```
Lack of cGMP can lead to which of the following conditions:
D. erectile dysfunction.
169
Which of the following is a result of increased testosterone levels?
A. The increased conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the red bone marrow.
B. The increased cytokine activity within the blood vessels.
C. Higher levels of hepcidin in the blood.
D. Increased erythropoietin release in the blood.
Which of the following is a result of increased testosterone levels?
D. Increased erythropoietin release in the blood.
170
```
Which of the following would increase GnRH levels?
A. decreased estrogen
B. increased progesterone
C. increased hCG
D. increased FSH
E. increased inhibin
```
Which of the following would increase GnRH levels?
A. decreased estrogen
171
```
What effect would the changing estrogen and progesterone levels during parturition have on lactation?
A. decreased OT
B. increased PRL
C. increased dopamine
D. decreased TRH
```
What effect would the changing estrogen and progesterone levels during parturition have on lactation?
B. increased PRL
