Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.
TRUE or FALSE
A
The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.
FALSE
Section: 18.01
2
Q
Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate.
TRUE
Section: 18.01
3
Q
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A. peristalsis. B. segmentation. C. deglutition. D. mastication.
A
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called
A. peristalsis.
Section: 18.01
4
Q
Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT A. deglutition. B. hormone secretion. C. absorption. D. hormone degradation.
A
Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT
D. hormone degradation.
Section: 18.01
5
Q
The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.
TRUE or FALSE
A
The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.
TRUE
Section: 18.01
6
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. pharynx B. liver C. small intestine D. esophagus Blooms
A
Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?
B. liver
Section: 18.01
7
Q
Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.
TRUE
Section: 18.01
8
Q
Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa
A
Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach’s plexus?
C. muscularis
Section: 18.01
9
Q
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?
A. peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions
B. mastication - removal of wastes
C. ingestion - taking food into the mouth
D. deglutition - swallowing
A
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?
B. mastication - removal of wastes
Section: 18.01
10
Q
The transport of digested food into the blood or lymph is A. ingestion. B. deglutition. C. absorption. D. segmentation.
A
The transport of digested food into the blood or lymph is
C. absorption.
Section: 18.01
11
Q
What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules?
A. specific enzyme
B. acid
C. water
D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct.
A
What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules?
D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct.
Section: 18.01
12
Q
Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa
A
Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands?
B. submucosa
Section: 18.01
13
Q
Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
FALSE
Section: 18.01
14
Q
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis B. mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis D. serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
A
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.
D. serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Section: 18.01
15
Q
What structures supply autonomic nerves to the muscularis tunic? A. Meissner's plexus B. Auterbach's plexus C. myenteric plexus D. Both Auterbach's and myenteric plexuses.
A
What structures supply autonomic nerves to the muscularis tunic?
D. Both Auterbach’s and myenteric plexuses.
Section: 18.01
16
Q
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A. glossopharyngeal nerve B. hypoglossal nerve C. vagus nerve D. phrenic nerve
A
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions?
C. vagus nerve
Section: 18.01
17
Q
The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.
TRUE or FALSE
A
The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.
FALSE
Section: 18.01
18
Q
Paracrine regulators are part of the extrinsic regulation of the GI tract.
TRUE or FALSE
A
Paracrine regulators are part of the extrinsic regulation of the GI tract.
FALSE
Section: 18.01
19
Q
Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? A. pharyngeal B. peristalsis C. reflux D. segmentation
A
Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing?
A. pharyngeal
Section: 18.01
20
Q
The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process.
TRUE or FALSE
A
The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process.
TRUE
Section: 18.02
21
Q
Chewing of food is A. deglutition. B. mastication. C. peristalsis. D. segmentation.
A
Chewing of food is
B. mastication.
Section: 18.02
22
Q
What structure keeps food from exitting from the nose during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. nasopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue
A
What structure keeps food from exitting from the nose during swallowing?
C. soft palate
Section: 18.02
23
Q
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. laryngopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue
A
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing?
A. epiglottis
Section: 18.02
24
Q
The combination of chewed food and saliva is called A. chyme. B. a bolus. C. pylorus. D. hiatal.
A
The combination of chewed food and saliva is called
B. a bolus
Section: 18.02
25
The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.
TRUE or FALSE
The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.
FALSE
Section: 18.02
26
Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall?
A. so you do not choke
B. the first phase of swallowing is voluntary
C. so that peristalsis can occur
D. the first phase of swallowing is involuntary
Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall?
B. the first phase of swallowing is voluntary
Section: 18.02
27
```
Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the
A. brain stem.
B. cerebrum.
C. spinal cord.
D. cerebellum.
```
Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the
A. brain stem.
Section: 18.02
28
Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.
TRUE or FALSE
Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.
FALSE
Section: 18.02
29
```
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
A. store food
B. kill bacteria
C. digestion of most foods
D. move chyme into the duodenum
```
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
C. digestion of most foods
Section: 18.02
30
Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor.
| TRUE or FALSE
Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor.
TRUE
Section: 18.02
31
```
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed.
A. goblet
B. parietal
C. D cells
D. chief or zymogenic
```
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed.
D. chief or zymogenic
Section: 18.02
32
```
Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the
A. duodenum.
B. jejunum.
C. ileum.
D. cecum.
```
Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the
C. ileum
Section: 18.02
33
```
The _________________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin.
A. G cells
B. parietal cells
C. enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
D. chief cells
```
The _________________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin.
C. enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
Section: 18.02
34
```
Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin ________ deficiency.
A. C
B. B6
C. B12
D. D
```
Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin ________ deficiency.
C. B12
Section: 18.02
35
```
Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called
A. plicae.
B. rugae.
C. gastric pits.
D. ghrelin.
```
Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called
B. rugae
Section: 18.02
36
```
The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called
A. a bolus.
B. chyme.
C. chyle.
D. saliva.
```
The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called
B. chyme.
Section: 18.02
37
```
____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.
A. Vitamin D
B. Calcium
C. Intrinsic factor
D. Vitamin C
```
____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.
C. Intrinsic factor
Section: 18.02
38
```
Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by
A. goblet cells.
B. parietal cells.
C. G cells.
D. D cells.
```
Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by
D. D cells
Section: 18.02
39
```
Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction of the
A. D cells.
B. G cells.
C. chief cells.
D. enterochromaffin-like cells.
```
Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction of the
D. enterochromaffin-like cells.
Section: 18.02
40
Mutating the gene encoding for the H+/K+ ATPase would block gastric HCl secretion.
TRUE or FALSE
Mutating the gene encoding for the H+/K+ ATPase would block gastric HCl secretion.
TRUE
Section: 18.02
41
```
Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of
A. pepsinogen.
B. gastrin.
C. hydrochloric acid.
D. mucus.
```
Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of
C. hydrochloric acid
Section: 18.02
42
```
Acidic chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas.
A. mucus
B. bicarbonate
C. ammonia
D. urea
```
Acidic chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas.
B. bicarbonate
Section: 18.02
43
```
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with
A. peptic ulcers.
B. hiatal hernia.
C. acid reflux.
D. pancreatitis.
```
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with
A. peptic ulcers
Section: 18.02
44
```
_________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus.
A. Gastroenteritis
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Gastritis
```
_________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus.
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Section: 18.02
45
H+/K+ ATPase pumps transport H+ against its concentration gradient out of the lumen of the stomach
while transporting K+ in the opposite direction.
TRUE or FALSE
H+/K+ ATPase pumps transport H+ against its concentration gradient out of the lumen of the stomach
while transporting K+ in the opposite direction.
FALSE
Section: 18.02
46
Pepsin would have the greatest activity
A. immediately upon secretion into the stomach.
B. immediately upon entering the duodenum.
C. when the pH of the chyme is greater than 3.
D. when the pH of the chyme is less than 3.
Pepsin would have the greatest activity
D. when the pH of the chyme is less than 3.
Section: 18.02
47
```
Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers?
A. epinephrine
B.
H2 histamine blockers
C. gastric inhibitory peptide
D. carboxypeptidase
```
Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers?
B. H2 histamine blockers
Section: 18.02
48
```
__________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCl release from parietal
cells.
A. Secretin
B. CCK
C. Gastrin
D. Ghrelin
```
__________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCl release from parietal
cells.
C. Gastrin
Section: 18.02
49
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach?
A. adherent layer of mucus
B. bicarbonate
C. gap junctions between epithelial cells
D. rapid turnover of epithelial cells
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach?
C. gap junctions between epithelial cells
Section: 18.02
50
Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.
TRUE or FALSE
Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.
TRUE
Section: 18.02
51
Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCl from parietal cells.
TRUE or FALSE
Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCl from parietal cells.
FALSE
Section: 18.02
52
```
Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. adherent layer of mucus
B. Brunner's cells
C. stomach
D. pancreatic juice
```
Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following
EXCEPT:
C. stomach
Section: 18.02
53
```
Drugs such as Zantac and Tagamet helps treat gastritis and ulcers by
A. blocking H2—histamine receptors.
B. blocking H1—histamine receptors.
C. inhibiting proton pumps.
D. killing bacteria.
```
Drugs such as Zantac and Tagamet helps treat gastritis and ulcers by
A. blocking H2—histamine receptors.
Section: 18.02
54
Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.
TRUE or FALSE
Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.
FALSE
Section: 18.02
55
The first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the
A. tight junctions of epithelial cells.
B. rapid rate of epithelial cell replacement.
C. adherent layer of mucus.
D. release of gastrin.
The first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the
C. adherent layer of mucus.
Section: 18.02
56
```
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?
A. water and alcohol
B. antacid and water
C. alcohol and aspirin
D. penicillin and aspirin
```
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?
C. alcohol and aspirin
Section: 18.02
57
```
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area?
A. rugae
B. villi
C. plicae circularis
D. microvilli
```
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area?
A. rugae
Section: 18.03
58
The brush border is a term used to describe part of the mucosa of the small intestine.
TRUE or FASLE
The brush border is a term used to describe part of the mucosa of the small intestine.
TRUE
Section: 18.03
59
Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.
TRUE or FALSE
Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.
TRUE
Section: 18.03
60
Protein digestion would decrease if lactase were not present on the brush border.
TRUE or FALSE
Protein digestion would decrease if lactase were not present on the brush border.
FALSE
Section: 18.03
61
Stem cells present in the intestinal crypts renew the intestinal epithelium every 4 to 5 days.
TRUE or FALSE
Stem cells present in the intestinal crypts renew the intestinal epithelium every 4 to 5 days.
TRUE
Section: 18.03
62
What is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine?
A. produce mucus
B. divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells
C. produce lysozyme and defensins
D. produce digestive enzymes
What is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine?
C. produce lysozyme and defensins
Section: 18.03
63
What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border?
A. activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin
B. breaks down dipeptides
C. causes the stomach to produce gastrin
D. causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border?
A. activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin
Section: 18.03
64
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found
A. in the pancreatic juice.
B. in the brush border of the small intestine.
C. in saliva.
D. in the gastric mucosa.
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found
B. in the brush border of the small intestine.
Section: 18.03
65
Stress would cause GI motility and secretions to be
A. increased.
B. decreased.
C. unchanged.
Stress would cause GI motility and secretions to be
B. decreased.
Section: 18.03
66
```
Slow waves of the intestine are produced by what type of cells?
A. gastric cells
B. microflora cells
C. SXR Cells
D. Cajal cells
```
Slow waves of the intestine are produced by what type of cells?
D. Cajal cells
Section: 18.03
67
```
Slow wave depolarization triggers depolarization of smooth muscle by opening voltage—gated
________ channels.
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca2+
D. Ach
```
Slow wave depolarization triggers depolarization of smooth muscle by opening voltage—gated
________ channels.
C. Ca2+
Section: 18.03
68
```
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called
A. deglutition.
B. segmentation.
C. micturition.
D. peristalsis.
```
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called
B. segmentation.
Section: 18.03
69
```
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine?
A. ileum
B. cecum
C. jejunum
D. duodenum
```
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine?
B. cecum
Section: 18.03
70
The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.
| TRUE or FALSE
The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.
FALSE
Section: 18.03
71
```
The primary function of the large intestine is
A. water and electrolyte reabsorption.
B. mineral absorption.
C. hormone degradation.
D. degrading toxins.
```
The primary function of the large intestine is
A. water and electrolyte reabsorption.
Section: 18.04
72
```
The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called
A. crypts.
B. cecum.
C. haustra.
D. colon.
```
The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called
C. haustra.
Section: 18.04
73
Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota?
A. production of B vitamins
B. ferment indigestible contents of the chyme
C. production of vitamin K
D. hydrolyze proteins
Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota?
D. hydrolyze proteins
Section: 18.04
74
The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans.
TRUE or FALSE
The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans.
TRUE
Section: 18.04
75
Excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora and open a niche for pathogenic
bacteria.
TRUE or FALSE
Excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora and open a niche for pathogenic
bacteria.
TRUE
Section: 18.04
76
What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine?
A. protection by innate and adaptive immune systems
B. the anaerobic environment
C. availability of nutrients
D. All of the choices are correct.
What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine?
D. All of the choices are correct.
Section: 18.04
77
Normal levels of intestinal microbiota help protect us from pathogenic bacteria.
TRUE or FALSE
Normal levels of intestinal microbiota help protect us from pathogenic bacteria.
TRUE
Section: 18.04
78
```
Movement of water out of the large intestine is by
A. active transport.
B. cotransport.
C. osmosis.
D. All of the choices are correct.
```
Movement of water out of the large intestine is by
C. osmosis.
Section: 18.04
79
Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
TRUE or FALSE
Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
FALSE
Section: 18.04
80
Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.
TRUE or FALSE
Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.
TRUE
Section: 18.04
81
```
The process of waste removal is called
A. defecation.
B. mastication.
C. deglutition.
D. segmentation.
```
The process of waste removal is called
A. defecation.
Section: 18.04
82
Bile is produced by the gallbladder.
| TRUE or FALSE
Bile is produced by the gallbladder.
FALSE
Section: 18.05
83
```
___________ are large capillary spaces separating hepatic plates.
A. Hepatocytes
B. Lobules
C. Sinusoids
D. Portal systems
```
___________ are large capillary spaces separating hepatic plates.
C. Sinusoids
Section: 18.05
84
```
__________ is a condition in which large number of liver lobules are destroyed and replaced by
permanent, scar-like connective tissue.
A. Jaundice
B. Hepatitis
C. Cholecystitis
D. Cirrhosis
```
__________ is a condition in which large number of liver lobules are destroyed and replaced by
permanent, scar-like connective tissue.
D. Cirrhosis
Section: 18.05
85
```
____________ are hepatic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
A. Hepatocytes
B. Kupffer cells
C. Langerhan cells
D. Merkel's cells
```
____________ are hepatic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
B. Kupffer cells
Section: 18.05
86
Venous and arterial blood mix in a liver lobule.
| TRUE or FALSE
Venous and arterial blood mix in a liver lobule.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
87
Blood from the digestive organs enters general circulation and eventually reaches the liver for
processing.
TRUE or FALSE
Blood from the digestive organs enters general circulation and eventually reaches the liver for
processing.
FALSE
Section: 18.05
88
```
Bile is produced by
A. Kupffer cells.
B. gall bladder cells.
C. hepatocytes.
D. sinusoids.
```
Bile is produced by
C. hepatocytes.
Section: 18.05
89
```
As bile is produced, it drains into
A. bile canaliculi.
B. hepatic veins.
C. the central vein.
D. sinusoids.
```
As bile is produced, it drains into
A. bile canaliculi.
Section: 18.05
90
```
A _____________ has the following pattern of circulation: capillaries -> veins -> capillaries ->
veins.
A. portal system
B. sinusoid
C. lobule
D. glomerulus
Blooms
```
A _____________ has the following pattern of circulation: capillaries -> veins -> capillaries ->
veins.
A. portal system
Section: 18.05
91
```
All of the following have an enterohepatic circulation EXCEPT
A. penicillin.
B. cholesterol.
C. tetracycline.
D. bilirubin.
```
All of the following have an enterohepatic circulation EXCEPT
D. bilirubin.
Section: 18.05
92
```
The enterohepatic circulation is between the _____ and _____.
A. liver, stomach.
B. liver, pancreas.
C. liver, intestine.
D. liver, gallbladder.
```
The enterohepatic circulation is between the _____ and _____.
C. liver, intestine.
Section: 18.05
93
An important function of the liver is producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.
TRUE OR FALSE
An important function of the liver is producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
94
Inhibiting hepatic function has no effect on blood clotting.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Inhibiting hepatic function has no effect on blood clotting.
FALSE
Section: 18.05
95
Bile is derived from cholesterol.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Bile is derived from cholesterol.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
96
Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
97
```
Derivatives of ________ give feces a brown color.
A. urobilinogen
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. guanylin
```
Derivatives of ________ give feces a brown color.
A. urobilinogen
Section: 18.05
98
```
Multispecific organic anion transport carriers are present in the
A. liver.
B. nephron tubules.
C. pancreas.
D. Both liver and nephron tubules.
```
Multispecific organic anion transport carriers are present in the
D. Both liver and nephron tubules.
Section: 18.05
99
```
Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile?
A. cholesterol
B. bilirubin
C. urea
D. lethecin
```
Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile?
C. urea
Section: 18.05
100
```
Bile pigment is a derivative of
A. heme group without iron
B. iron
C. globin part of hemoglobin
D. cholesterol
```
Bile pigment is a derivative of
A. heme group without iron
Section: 18.05
101
Which is NOT true of conjugated bilirubin?
A. bilirubin is combines with glucuronic acid
B. it is not water soluble
C. it is converted into urobilirubin in the intestine
D. it is produced in the liver
Which is NOT true of conjugated bilirubin?
B. it is not water soluble
Section: 18.05
102
```
Bile salts are derivatives of
A. sodium chloride.
B. hemoglobin.
C. bilirubin.
D. cholesterol.
```
Bile salts are derivatives of
D. cholesterol.
Section: 18.05
103
What role do bile salts play in digestion?
A. emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes
B. gives color to the feces
C. needed for water reabsorption
D. They play no role in digestion.
What role do bile salts play in digestion?
A. emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes
Section: 18.05
104
```
The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into
A. uric acid.
B. ammonium ions.
C. urea.
D. amino acids.
```
The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into
C. urea.
Section: 18.05
105
Micelles, made of bile salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify
fats and dissolve in water.
TRUE OR FALSE
Micelles, made of bile salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify
fats and dissolve in water.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
106
```
Converting glucose into glycogen is the process of
A. glycogenesis.
B. glycogenolysis.
C. gluconeogenesis.
D. lipogenesis.
```
Converting glucose into glycogen is the process of
A. glycogenesis.
Section: 18.05
107
```
Clotting factors are produced by the
A. liver.
B. pancreas.
C. stomach.
D. duodenum.
```
Clotting factors are produced by the
A. liver.
Section: 18.05
108
```
Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver?
A. hydroxylated steroid hormones
B. uric acid
C. digestive enzymes
D. bilirubin
```
Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver?
C. digestive enzymes
Section: 18.05
109
Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzyme to break down hormones and drugs is mediated
through the stimulation of what kind of receptor?
A. specific anion receptor
B. SXR receptor
C. enterogastrone receptor
D. enterokinase receptor
Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzyme to break down hormones and drugs is mediated
through the stimulation of what kind of receptor?
B. SXR receptor
Section: 18.05
110
```
___________ is a principal bile acid.
A. Chenodeoxycholic acid.
B. Lactic acid.
C. Uric acid.
D. Both lactic acid and uric acid.
```
___________ is a principal bile acid.
A. Chenodeoxycholic acid.
Section: 18.05
111
```
The conjugation of nonpolar compounds in the liver makes them _____ and water _____.
A. polar; soluble
B. polar; insoluble
C. cationic; soluble
D. cationic; insoluble
```
The conjugation of nonpolar compounds in the liver makes them _____ and water _____.
A. polar; soluble
Section: 18.05
112
```
Jaundice caused by the bile duct blocked by gallstones is created by high blood levels of
A. free bilirubin.
B. urobilinogen.
C. conjugated bilirubin.
D. None of the choices are correct.
```
Jaundice caused by the bile duct blocked by gallstones is created by high blood levels of
C. conjugated bilirubin.
Section: 18.05
113
```
Bile is forced up the cystic duct through the closing of the
A. sphincter of Oddi.
B. lower esophageal sphincter.
C. pyloric sphincter.
D. ileocecal valve.
```
Bile is forced up the cystic duct through the closing of the
A. sphincter of Oddi.
Section: 18.05
114
```
Physiological jaundice of the newborn is due to high levels of
A. free bilirubin.
B. urobilinogen.
C. conjugated bilirubin.
D. None of the choices are correct.
```
Physiological jaundice of the newborn is due to high levels of
A. free bilirubin.
Section: 18.05
115
Excessive amounts of porphyrin in the liver is toxic and is called as porphyria.
TRUE OR FALSE
Excessive amounts of porphyrin in the liver is toxic and is called as porphyria.
TRUE
Section: 18.05
116
```
Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function?
A. lipogenesis
B. gluconeogenesis
C. hydrolysis of sucrose
D. glycogenolysis
```
Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function?
C. hydrolysis of sucrose
Section: 18.05
117
```
Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes.
A. stomach
B. liver
C. pancreatic
D. small intestine
```
Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes.
C. pancreatic
Section: 18.05
118
```
Trypsin is activated by the enzyme
A. enterokinase.
B. lipase.
C. lactase.
D. carboxypeptidase.
```
Trypsin is activated by the enzyme
A. enterokinase.
Section: 18.05
119
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions would result in
A. decreased insulin secretion following meals.
B. decreased bile synthesis and secretion.
C. presence of an acidic chyme.
D. stimulation of enterokinase activity.
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions would result in
C.presence of an acidic chyme.
Section: 18.05
120
Mutation of the gene encoding for cholecystokinin would limit pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
TRUE OR FALSE
Mutation of the gene encoding for cholecystokinin would limit pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
FALSE
Section: 18.05
121
```
Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small intestine?
A. lipase
B. carboxypeptidase
C. ribonuclease
D. amylase
```
Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small intestine?
B. carboxypeptidase
Section: 18.05
122
```
Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from?
A. bicarbonate in the blood
B. CO2 in the blood
C. acini cells
D. pancreatic islets
```
Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from?
B. CO2 in the blood
Section: 18.05
123
```
Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by the small intestine?
A. secretin
B. gastric inhibitory peptide
C. gastrin
D. cholecystokinin
```
Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by the small intestine?
C. gastrin
Section: 18.06
124
Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK?
A. stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
B. stimulates contraction of the gall bladder
C. inhibits gastric motility
D. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK?
A. stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
Section: 18.06
125
Which of the following is NOT an effect of gastrin?
A. stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
B. stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
C. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes
D. maintains structure of gastric mucosa
Which of the following is NOT an effect of gastrin?
C. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes
Section: 18.06
126
The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase.
TRUE OR FALSE
The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase.
FALSE
Section: 18.06
127
The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function.
TRUE OR FALSE
The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function.
TRUE
Section: 18.06
128
```
The major stimulus for the secretion of HCl during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is
A. the hypothalamus.
B. vagal stimulation of chief cells.
C. release of histamine by ECL cells.
D. vagal stimulation of parietal cells.
```
The major stimulus for the secretion of HCl during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is
C. release of histamine by ECL cells.
Section: 18.06
129
The negative feedback control of HCl secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly
by
A. decline in gastrin secretion.
B. increase in gastrin secretion.
C. increase in somatostatin secretion.
D. Both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion.
The negative feedback control of HCl secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly
by
D. Both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion.
Section: 18.06
130
Gastric hydrochloric acid secretion is regulated through both negative and positive feedback
mechanisms.
TRUE OR FALSE
Gastric hydrochloric acid secretion is regulated through both negative and positive feedback
mechanisms.
TRUE
Section: 18.06
131
```
Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of
gastric secretion.
A. gastric
B. cephalic
C. hepatic
D. intestinal
```
Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of
gastric secretion.
A. gastric
Section: 18.06
132
```
Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is increased in response to
A. increased secretin.
B. increased GIP.
C. increased guanylin.
D. increased gastrin.
```
Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is increased in response to
B. increased GIP.
Section: 18.06
133
During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function
A. the vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion.
B. stomach distension stimulates acid secretion.
C. gastric gland secretions are inhibited.
D. gastric emptying is inhibited.
During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function
C. gastric gland secretions are inhibited.
Section: 18.06
134
GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas.
TRUE OR FALSE
GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas.
TRUE
Section: 18.06
135
```
The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function.
A. cephalic
B. gastric
C. intestinal
D. hepatic
```
The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function.
C. intestinal
Section: 18.06
136
```
Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _____ in the chyme.
A. protein
B. acid
C. glucose
D. fats
```
Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _____ in the chyme.
D. fats
Section: 18.06
137
Enterogasterone will _____ gastric function.
A. stimulate
B. inhibit
C. have no effect on
Enterogasterone will _____ gastric function.
B. inhibit
Section: 18.06
138
__________ is secreted by the ileum and colon and stimulates intestinal secretion of Cl- thereby
causing elimination of NaCl and water in the feces.
A. Guanylin
B. Motilin
C. Serotonin
D. Nitric oxide
__________ is secreted by the ileum and colon and stimulates intestinal secretion of Cl- thereby
causing elimination of NaCl and water in the feces.
A. Guanylin
Section: 18.06
139
```
The __________ stimulates decreased gastric motility.
A. gastroileal reflex
B. GLP-1 reflex
C. ileogastric reflex
D. GIP reflex
```
The __________ stimulates decreased gastric motility.
C. ileogastric reflex
Section: 18.06
140
```
The ______ stimulates increased gastrin activity and increased movement of chyme into the
duodenum.
A. gastroileal reflex
B. GLP-1 reflex
C. ileogastric reflex
D. GIP reflex
```
The ______ stimulates increased gastrin activity and increased movement of chyme into the
duodenum.
A. gastroileal reflex
Section: 18.06
141
"Traveler's diarrhea" results when
A. enterogastrone secretion is inhibited.
B. gastrointestinal motility is stimulated by increased parasympathetic outflow.
C. guanylin receptors in the ileum and colon are stimulated by enterotoxins.
D. cholecystokinin secretion is inhibited.
"Traveler's diarrhea" results when
C. guanylin receptors in the ileum and colon are stimulated by enterotoxins.
Section: 18.06
142
```
Sensory neurons within intestinal plexuses that travel in the vagus to the CNS are called
A. extrinsic afferents.
B. intrinsic afferents.
C. paracrine regulators.
D. myenteric afferents.
```
Sensory neurons within intestinal plexuses that travel in the vagus to the CNS are called
A. extrinsic afferents.
Section: 18.06
143
```
Peristalsis within the intestines is regulated by the
A. sympathetic nervous system.
B. parasympathetic nervous system.
C. enteric nervous system.
D. somatic nervous system.
```
Peristalsis within the intestines is regulated by the
C. enteric nervous system.
Section: 18.06
144
Which of the following is NOT true of 5-hydroxytryptamine?
A. it is secreted by ECL cells of the intestinal mucosa
B. stimulates intrinsic afferent to activate motor neurons for peristalsis
C. stimulates secretion of Cl- and water
D. it is also known as serotonin.
Which of the following is NOT true of 5-hydroxytryptamine?
C. stimulates secretion of Cl- and water
Section: 18.06
145
Secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen.
| TURE OR FALSE
Secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen.
FALSE
Section: 18.06
146
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT:
A. the intestinal phase of gastric function
B. the release of serotonin from the duodenum
C. the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas
D. the release of bicarbonate into bile
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT:
A. the intestinal phase of gastric function
Section: 18.06
147
Which of the following is NOT true about CCK (cholecystokinin)?
A. released in response to fat and protein in the chyme
B. stimulates the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes
C. uses cyclic AMP as the second messenger to pancreatic acinar cells
D. controlled through a positive feedback loop
Which of the following is NOT true about CCK (cholecystokinin)?
C. uses cyclic AMP as the second messenger to pancreatic acinar cells
Section: 18.06
148
```
Atrophy of the pancreatic acinar cells occurs in response to
A. increased gastrin secretion.
B. decreased sympathetic stimulation.
C. decreased cholecystokinin secretion.
D. increased secretin secretion.
```
Atrophy of the pancreatic acinar cells occurs in response to
C. decreased cholecystokinin secretion.
Section: 18.06
149
GI tract hormones can affect the organs that secrete them.
| TRUE OR FALSE
GI tract hormones can affect the organs that secrete them.
TRUE
Section: 18.06
150
Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
FALSE
Section: 18.07
151
```
The enzyme with the most basic pH optimum is
A. pancreatic lipase.
B. pepsin.
C. maltase.
D. salivary amylase.
```
The enzyme with the most basic pH optimum is
```
A. pancreatic lipase.
B. pepsin.
C. maltase.
D. salivary amylase.
Section: 18.07
```
152
```
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur?
A. mouth and stomach
B. duodenum and pancreas
C. stomach and pancreas
D. mouth and duodenum
```
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur?
D. mouth and duodenum
Section: 18.07
153
```
Most of the glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by
A. simple diffusion.
B. secondary active transport with Na+.
C. osmosis.
D. phagocytosis.
```
Most of the glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by
B. secondary active transport with Na+.
Section: 18.07
154
```
The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the
A. pancreas.
B. duodenum.
C. liver.
D. salivary glands.
```
The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the
C. liver.
Section: 18.07
155
Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are classified as endopeptidases.
TRUE OR FALSE
Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are classified as endopeptidases.
FALSE
Section: 18.07
156
```
Exopeptidases include
A. trypsin.
B. aminopeptidase.
C. elastase.
D. chymotrypsin.
```
Exopeptidases include
B. aminopeptidase.
Section: 18.07
157
```
Most protein digestion occurs in the
A. mouth and esophagus.
B. stomach and duodenum.
C. duodenum and jejunum.
D. pancreas and duodenum.
```
Most protein digestion occurs in the
C. duodenum and jejunum.
Section: 18.07
158
```
Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by
A. simple diffusion.
B. cotransport with H+.
C. facilitated diffusion.
D. cotransport with Na+.
```
Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by
D. cotransport with Na+.
Section: 18.07
159
Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then hydrolyzed into free amino
acids.
TRUE OR FALSE
Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then hydrolyzed into free amino
acids.
TRUE
Section: 18.07
160
Fats are digested into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Fats are digested into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
TRUE
Section: 18.07
161
Colipase is secreted by the duodenum and functions in fat emulsification.
TRUE OR FALSE
Colipase is secreted by the duodenum and functions in fat emulsification.
FALSE
Section: 18.07
162
Chylomicrons are combinations of lipid and protein formed inside the intestinal epithelial cells.
TRUE OR FALSE
Chylomicrons are combinations of lipid and protein formed inside the intestinal epithelial cells.
TRUE
Section: 18.07
163
Very-low-density lipoproteins are produced by the liver.
| TRUE OR FALSE
Very-low-density lipoproteins are produced by the liver.
TRUE
Section: 18.07
164
Low-density lipoproteins functions to remove and degrade cholesterol.
TRUE OR FALSE
Low-density lipoproteins functions to remove and degrade cholesterol.
FALSE
Section: 18.07
165
```
Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and ____.
A. hydrochloric acid, pepsin.
B. bile, bicarbonate.
C. lipase, bile.
D. water, bile.
```
Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and ____.
C. lipase, bile.
Section: 18.07
166
```
Cholesterol removal is facilitated by the production of __________ lipoproteins.
A. high-density
B. low-density
C. very low-density
D. medium-density
```
Cholesterol removal is facilitated by the production of __________ lipoproteins.
A. high-density
Section: 18.07
167
Triglycerides are remade in intestinal epithelial cells before combining with proteins to form
chylomicrons.
TRUE OR FALSE
Triglycerides are remade in intestinal epithelial cells before combining with proteins to form
chylomicrons.
TRUE
Section: 18.07
168
```
Cholesterol produced by the liver is transported in the blood as ______ lipoproteins.
A. high-density
B. low-density
C. very low-density
D. medium-density
```
Cholesterol produced by the liver is transported in the blood as ______ lipoproteins.
C. very low-density
Section: 18.07
169
```
Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an
A. elevated HDL-cholesterol.
B. elevated LDL-cholesterol.
C. elevated total cholesterol.
D. elevated VLDL-cholesterol.
```
Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an
A. elevated HDL-cholesterol.
Section: 18.07
170
What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract? (Choose all that apply.)
enteric hormones
autonomic nervous system
enteric nervous system
hypothalamus
What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract? (Choose all that apply.)
enteric hormones
enteric nervous system
Section: 18.07
171
The upper third of the esophagus has skeletal muscle in its wall. What are some possible advantages
of this fact? Choose any that apply.
The bolus can clear the upper esophagus quickly.
The first phase of swallowing is voluntary.
Peristalsis can occur.
The first phase of swallowing is involuntary.
The upper third of the esophagus has skeletal muscle in its wall. What are some possible advantages
of this fact? Choose any that apply.
The bolus can clear the upper esophagus quickly.
The first phase of swallowing is voluntary.
Section: 18.07
172
What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine? Choose any that apply.
Aldosterone
the anaerobic environment
availability of nutrients
vitamin K
What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine? Choose any that apply.
the anaerobic environment
availability of nutrients
Section: 18.07
