Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCB181R > Chapter 2: Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost electron shell of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

organic

A

for a compound, containing carbon and hydrogen and usually containing carbon-carbon bonds. organic compounds are widely used by living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

surface tension

A

the cohesive force that causes molecules at the surface of a liquid to stick together, thereby resisting deformation of the liquid’s surface and minimizing its surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which electrons are equally shared between two atoms of the same electronegativity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

space-filling model

A

a representation of a molecule where atoms are shows as balls–color coded and scaled to indicate the atom’s identity–attached to each other in the correct geometry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

valence

A

the number of unpaired electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom; often determines how many covalent bonds the atom can from.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

“fear of water” very weak interactions between nonpolar molecules, when exposed to an aqueous solvent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

heat

A

thermal energy that is transferred from an object at higher temperature to one at lower temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

temperature

A

a measurement of thermal energy present in an object or substance, reflecting how much the constituent molecules are moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

thermal energy

A

the kinetic energy of molecular motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

atomic weight

A

average mass of an element that is based on the relative proportions of all the naturally occuring isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adhesion

A

the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

buffer

A

a substance that, in solution, acts to minimize changes in the pH of that solution when acid or base is added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

solvent

A

any liquid in which one or more solids or gases can dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in matter as a result of its position or molecular arrangement. compare with kintetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, giving the atom its identity as a particular chemical element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

covalent bond

A

type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

isotope

A

any of several forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

catalyst

A

any substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water loving” interacting readily with water and are typically polar compounds containing partially charged atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

electron shell

A

group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies. they are arranged in roughly concentric layers around the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another with a partial negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chemical reaction

A

process in which one compound or element is combined with others or is broken down; involves making/breaking of chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

reactant

A

any of the starting materials in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

functional group

A

small group of atoms bonded together in a precise configuration and exhibiting particular chemical properties that it imparts to any organic molecule in which it occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

solution

A

a liquid containing one or more dissolved solids or gases in a homogeneous mixture

28
Q

radioactive isotope

A

version of an element that has an unstable nucleus, which will release radiation energy as it decays to be more stable form. decay often results in the radioisotope becoming a different element

29
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

dynamic but stable state of a reversible chemical reaction

30
Q

acid

A

compound that gives up protons or accept electrons during a chemical reaction or that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in H2O

31
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

32
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C

33
Q

valence electron

A

electron in the outermost shell of an atom

34
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

the principle of physics that energy is conserved in any process. energy can be transferred and converted into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

35
Q

dalton (Da)

A

unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom; about the mass of 1 proton or 1 neutron

36
Q

base

A

compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons during a chemical reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

37
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond that is formed when an electron is completely transferred from one atom to another so that the atoms remain associated due to their opposite electric charges

38
Q

cohesion

A

tendency of certain like molecules to cling together due to attractive forces

39
Q

solute

A

any substance that is dissolved in a liquid

40
Q

hydroxide ion (OH-)

A

oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom joined by a single covalent bond and carrying a negative charge

41
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work or to supply heat

42
Q

photon

A

discrete packet of light energy; particle of light

43
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in covalent bonds between atoms

44
Q

product

A

any of the final materials formed in chemical reaction

45
Q

prebiotic soup model

A

hypothetical explanation for chemical evolution whereby small molecules reacted with one another in a mixture of organic molecules condensed into a body of water

46
Q

surface metabolism model

A

hypothetical explanation for chemical evolution whereby small molecules reacted with one another through catalytic activity associated with a surface.

47
Q

orbital

A

region of space around an atomic nucleus in which an electron is present most of the time

48
Q

system

A

defined set of interacting chemical components under observation

49
Q

molarity

A

common unit of solute concentration equal to the number of moles of a dissolved solute in 1 liter of solution

50
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of the atomic weights of all of the atoms in a molecule; roughly, total number of protons and neutrons in the molecule

51
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ION

52
Q

polar covalent bond

A

covalent bond which electrons are shared unequally between atoms differing in electronegativity, resulting in a partial negative and a partial positive charged atoms.

53
Q

element

A

substance, consisting of atoms with a specific number of protons. elements preserve their identity in chemical reactions

54
Q

structural formula

A

two dimensional notation in which chemical symbols for the constituent atoms are joined by straight lines single (–) double (=) or triple (=_ covalent bonds

55
Q

electronegativty

A

“grabbiness” of an atom. ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself

56
Q

molecule

A

combination of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

57
Q

chemical bond

A

attractive force binding two atoms together. covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds are examples of types of chemical bonds

58
Q

free radicals

A

substance containing one or more atoms with an unpaired electron. unstable and highly reactive

59
Q

homeostasis

A

array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in an anima’s cells, tissue, and organs

60
Q

heat of vaporization

A

energy required to vaporize 1g of a liquid into a gas

61
Q

hydrophobic

A

“fear of water” not readily interacting with water. typically nonpolar compounds.

62
Q

mole

A

amount of substance that contains 6.022* 10^23 of its elemental entities

63
Q

chemical evolution

A

theory that simple chemical compounds in the early atmosphere and ocean combined via chemical reactions to form larger, more complex substances, eventually leading to the origin of life and the start of biological evolution.

64
Q

hydrogen ion (H+)

A

single proton with a charge of 1+; typically one that is dissolved in solution or that is being transferred from one atom to another in chemical react.

65
Q

endothermic

A

referring to a chemical react. that absorbs heat

66
Q

molecular formula

A

notation that indicated only the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule, such as H2O for the water molecule.

MCB181R (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions