Chapter 2 unit 2 Flashcards
Definition of respiration
The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment. This is important for maintaining body systems through an efficient oxygen exchange system of inhalation and exhalation.
Inspiration
Process of bringing oxygen to cells also called inhalation
Expiration
Process of eliminating waste also called exhalation
Boyles law
If you increase the volume, pressure will decrease (called negative pressure); if you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase (called positive pressure).
Framework of respiration
The framework of respiration protects the lungs and includes: the vertebral column, Pelvic and pectoral girdles, rib cage
Vertebral column
Provides protection for the spinal cord. This consists of vertebrae or singular vertebra. There are five divisions to the vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. Composed of 33 segments, this number may very.
What are the five divisions of the vertebrae
Cervical that has seven vertebrae, thoracic that has 12 vertebrae, lumbar has five vertebrae, sacral has five vertebrae, coccygeal has four vertebrae. There are 33 segments
How are the vertebrae numbered?
Vertebrae are numbered sequentially by sections. C-1 through C7 is the cervical vertebrae
T1 to T12 is the thoracic vertebrae
L1 through L5 is the lumbar vertebrae
sacrum and coccyx are their own sections
How many vertebrae do adults often have?
26 vertebrae. The first three sections remain distinct through life. The sacrum and coccyx fuse.
What are intravertebral discs?
Fibrocartilaginous desks found between vertebrae except for the first two C1 and C2. Provide support and cushion for vertebrae. Approximately 24 discs.
What is the body of the Vertebrae?
Anterior large plate like portion. Also called corpus.
What are pedicles?
On lateral sides of body of the vertebrea, they project posteriorly then join at the midline of the vertebrae
What is the neural arch
Is created where pedicles join at the midline of the vertebrae
Where is the vertebral foreman?
Canal created when vertebrae are stacked. This foreman provides passage of spinal cord.
What is the spinous process?
Extends dorsally and inferiorly from the neural arch. At the midline. This is an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. Spines protect vertebral column.
Transverse process
Project laterally on either side of the vertebrae. Project laterally on both sides of the lamina. Attachment point for muscles and ligaments. Ribs articulate with transverse processes and thoracic vertebrae.
Where is the superior articular processes and what did they do?
These are found on the top part of the vertebrae and they articulate with the adjacent superior vertebrae. They look a little bit like jellybeans.
Where is the inferior articular processes and what did they do?
Is our found on the inferior part of the vertebrae and they articulate with the adjacent vertebrae. Also they look like jellybean sockets.
What do anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do?
Extend through the length of the spinal column and bind the bodies of the vertebrate together.
Cervical vertebrae
Compose of the neckbones. Total of seven, C-1 through C7. The first two are named based on their location and purpose.
- Atlas also C-1.
- axis also C2.
What is the atlas?
The first vertebrae. Supports the way to the skull Very small spinous process. Jellybean sockets articulate with the skull.
What is the Axis?
Fits into the app list. Allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull.
Dens or odontold process: protrudes through the vertebral foramen. Helps protect damage the spinal cord.
What is the transverse ligament?
Allows for movement of odontoid process
Cervical vertebrae
Prominent spinous process. Transverse processes. Enter vertebral framing. Superior and inferior articulate facets . ( allows for rotating and rocking.
Thoracic vertebrae
12 total, T1 to T 12. Largest spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae. Attachment point for the ribs. Ribs attached to thoracic vertebrae via the superior and in eerier coastal assets. Ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12 have a one-to-one arrangement meaning that Rib 1 attaches to vertebrae one, rib 10 attaches the vertebrate 10 etc. Ribs 2-9 attach to the transverse process as well as attach to the body of the vertebrae above it ( Inferior costal facet).
Lumbar vertebrae
Five total, L1-L5. Largest and strongest vertebrae because they bear the most weight during lifting or walking. Provided attachment points for back and abdominal muscles.
Sacrum
Five sacral vertebrae S1-s5. Sacral vertebrae fused together or ossify to form the sacrum. Sacral formina provide passageway for sacral nerves
Coccyx
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae. Beak-like appearance. Articulates with the sacrum by means of a small disk.
What is a normal spine curvature?
Straight from anterior to posterior with very slight curve to right. Straight or slightly curves forward in the cervical area, convex in the thoracic region, concave in the lumbar and convex in the sacral area. (It looks like an s with a curved backward at top and a curve forward at the bottom)
What is an abnormal curvature of the spine
Abnormal: lateral curve. this is also called scoliosis.
Kyphosis or hunchback: abnormal convexity in the thoracic region
Lordosis or swayback: abnormal conductivity in the lumbar or cervical region
What is the pelvic girdle, what does it do, and what does it include?
The pubic girdle supports lower extremities. Bears the weight for legs. And includes: the Ilium, Ischium, sacrum, pubic bone.
Where is the ilium and what does it do?
The Iliana is a large wing like bone Support for abdominal muscles. Attachment point for inguinal ligament.
Ischium
Makes up lower and back portion of hip. Fuses with ilium and pubis.
What is the pectoral girdle, what does it do, what does it include?
Also known as shoulder girdle. Supports upper extremities. Includes: scapula, clavicle, sternum.
Scapula
Attachment point for several muscles. Attaches to clavicle.
Clavicle
Also known as the collarbone. Provides anterior support for shoulder. Attaches to the sternum and anterior portion of scapula.
Ribs
There 12 pairs.
All attach to sternum by means of costal cartilage except for the lowest two.
Each rib consists of four components: head, neck, shaft, angle
Ribs are classified as true ribs, false ribs, or floating ribs
True ribs
Consists of upper ribs one through seven.
Direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union
False ribs
Ribs eight, nine, and 10.
Attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly
Floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12
Articulate with the vertebral column
True or false: all rib attach to the vertebral column
True
Sternum
Has three components: manubrium sterni, Corpus/body, xiphoid (also known as ensiform process)
Attaches to the clavicle
Articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage
Manubrium
Uppermost segment of the sternum
Contains jugular notch
Articulates with the clavicle and first rib
Body of sternum
Articulates with six ribs
Forms the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum known as the sternal angle
Xiphoid process
Provides attachment to the linea Alba or midline of the abdomen
Respiratory passageway
The respiratory passageway provides communication between the lungs and the external environment
Includes: Oral and nasal cavities Larynx Trachea Bronchi or bronchial tubes
Trachea
Flexible tube
Approximately 11 cm in length
Composed of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion of the trachea. These hold the trachea open.
Posterior wall has trachealis muscle to fill the gap between the c-rings
How does the air passageways and trachea stay clean?
lined with ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
Mucous glands secrete mucus to moisten incoming air and move particles out of the trachea via it’s cilia
Where is the trachea located?
Runs from inferior border of larynx for approximately 11 cm to a point where it divides into the mainstem bronchi
What is the point at which the trachea divides called
Carina trachea
