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COMD 3100 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech > Chapter 1 unit 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the rear or back

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2
Q

Dorsal or Posterior

A

Towards the back

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3
Q

Anterior or ventral

A

Refers to the front surface

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4
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side

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5
Q

Superior or Cranial

A

Above or towards the head (Further from the ground)

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6
Q

Inferior or Caudal

A

Below or towards the tail (end)

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7
Q

What is anatomy

A

The study of organism structure and the relations of their parts.

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8
Q

What are different types of anatomy?

A

Applied, systematic, developmental, pathological.

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9
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the function of the living organisms and their parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.

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10
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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11
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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12
Q

Osteology

A

The study of bones

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13
Q

Myology

A

The study of muscles

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14
Q

Arthrology

A

The study of joints

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15
Q

Angiology

A

The study of blood vessels

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16
Q

Neurology

A

The study of the nervous system

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17
Q

What is the thorax.

A

The chest region

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18
Q

What is the abdomen?

A

Bell or abdominal area

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19
Q

What is the truck?

A

Made up of the thorax and abdomen

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20
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

Area of the hipbones

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21
Q

What is the Caput?

A

The head

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the skull?

A

Cranial portion and facial portion

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23
Q

What is the upper extremity?

A

Arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

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24
Q

What is the lower extremity made up of?

A

Thigh, leg, ankle, foot

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25
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Body erect, palms and hands face forward.

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26
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Head and trunk

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27
Q

What is that appendicular skeleton?

A

Lower and upper limbs

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28
Q

What is the coronal plane(or frontal)?

A

Divides body into front and back halves

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29
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Divides body into upper and lower portion (at about the belly button)

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30
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Divides body into right and left halves. Side note: midsagittal sections are halves that are equal

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31
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, or point of attachment

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32
Q

Distal

A

Farther from a point of reference

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33
Q

Abduct

A

Away from the midline of the body

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34
Q

Adduct

A

Towards the midline of the body

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35
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface

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36
Q

Peripheral or deep

A

Away from the surface

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37
Q

Flexion/extension

A

Bending of the joint

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38
Q

What are the building blocks of anatomy?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, systems

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39
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic structural and functional units of all organisms

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40
Q

Tissues

A

When groups of cells combine or associate together to exhibit functional unity

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41
Q

What are organs?

A

Collections of tissues associated together for a particular function

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42
Q

What is a system?

A

When two or more organs combined or associate together for a particular function

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43
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

A semi fluid which appears as a clear substance or granular appearance

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44
Q

Highly organized mass of protoplasm

A

A cell

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45
Q

What are the five cell traits?

A

Irritable, growth, spontaneous movement, metabolism, reproduction

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46
Q

What are the two parts of protoplasm?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

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47
Q

Chromatin

A

Part of the nucleus contains DNA forms chromosomes

48
Q

Nucleolus

A

Part of the nucleus contains ribosomes important for protein production

49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

70 to 85% water, 20% protein. Contains centrosomes, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, lipids/fats, vacuoles, glycogen particles, Crystaline inclusion bodies, lysosomes, inert substances.

50
Q

Centrosomes

A

For cell division

51
Q

Mitochondrian

A

Provides energy or ATP

52
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stores secretary substances

53
Q

Lipids or fats

A

Modulator of cellular activity

54
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores foods and nutrients in a cell

55
Q

Glycogen particles

A

Nutrition for a cell

56
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive organs of the cell.

57
Q

Tissue types

A

Epithelial, Connective, muscular, nervous

58
Q

Two types of epithelium tissue

A

Simple epithelium, compound epithelium

59
Q

Basement membrane

A

Underlies epithelial tissue and can be used for a number of functions. For example filtering, and stabilize connective tissue…

60
Q

What is simple epithelium tissue made out of and what things does it line?

A

(Squamous “pavement”epithelium) Made out of a single layer of flat cells. Lines blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels.
(Cuboidal epithelium “cubical”) Cube shaped. secretory function in some glands such as thyroid.
(Culinar epithelium): single layer, cylindrical cells; inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
(Ciliated epithelium) Cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi

61
Q

What is compound epithelium and what does it do?

A

Different layers of cells.
Types
Stratified epithelium: flattened cells on the bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining up mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
Transitional epithelium: pear-shaped cells; lining of bladder, etc.

62
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Underlies epithelial tissue; serves stabilizing and other functions, including joining epithelial and connective tissues.

63
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Provide support and protection for the body

64
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose connective tissue. And between muscles and supports organs.

65
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Highly concentrated with the fat cells. Adipose means fat.

66
Q

White fibrous tissue

A

Binds structures together. Strong, dense, highly organized fibers. Found in ligaments and fascia

67
Q

Yellow elastic tissue

A

Found in areas that require a recoil of connective tissue. Including the trachea, bronchi, lungs,

68
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Specialized connective tissue/that means that this tissue is only found in certain places. Lymphoid tissue is found in tonsils and adenoids

69
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible and firm type of specialized connective tissue.

there are three types: Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, yellow cartilage.

70
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Bluish white in color and smooth. Found on the ribs, larynx, trachea and bronchiole passageways

71
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Dense and white with flexible fibers. Found in intervertebral discs and between surfaces of the knee joint

72
Q

Yellow cartilage

A

Firm and the elastic. Found in pinna which is the flexible part of your ear, nose, epiglottis.

73
Q

Bone

A

Specialized connective tissue. There are 206 bones in human body. two types: compact which is dense and gives bone it’s
White appearance. And spongy or cancellous bone that is more porous; usually found at the end of bones also contains white and red blood cell Plasma matrix

74
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense. Gives bone white appearance

75
Q

Sponji/cancellous bone

A

Molitoris; usually found at the end of bones.

76
Q

Blood

A

Plasma is the food component of blood this is considered a connective tissue. Red and white blood cells are suspended in matrix.

77
Q

Muscle tissue

A

There are three different types: striated, smooth, cardiac.

78
Q

Striated tissue

A

Muscle tissue that is also called skeletal muscle. Has striped appearance and is classified as voluntary or somatic muscle that moves in response to conscious, voluntary movement.

79
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in digestive tract and blood vessels automatic and involuntary

80
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only found in heart. Involuntary.

81
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Specialized tissue that allows for communication throughout the body

82
Q

Neurons

A

Also called nerve cells. They transmit information from neuron to neuron or to other places throughout the body

83
Q

Tissue aggregates

A

Tissues that combine to form larger structures. These include: fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, muscles.

84
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, organs, blood vessels or nerves.

85
Q

Tendons

A

Tough, nonelastic cords. Attach muscles to bones, muscles to cartilage or muscle to muscle. Subtype of tendons is aponeurosis. Aponeurosis is broadsheets of tendinous expansion serving as a covering for muscle

86
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broadsheets of tendinous expansion serving as a covering for muscle. A subcategory of tendons.

87
Q

Ligaments

A

elastic fibers with limited elasticity. Join bone to bone, going to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage.

88
Q

Bones

A

Provide skeleton that supports and protects organs and tissues. When bones join together, it is called articulation. There are 206 bones of the human body. Bones can be characterized by length or shape: long, short, flat, a regular and accessory.

89
Q

Joints

A

Connection between bones or cartilage. Classified based on degree of movement. Diarthrodial is high mobility, amphiarthriodial is limited ability, and synarthrodial is no mobility.

90
Q

Diarthrodial joint

A

A joint that has high mobility. Also known as synovial joints because synovial fluid found in joint space.
There are seven different types of diarthrodial joints: Plane or gliding joints, sepheriod, condylar, trochoid, sellar, ellipsoid, hinge.

91
Q

Amphiarthrodial joint

A

A joint that has limited mobility. Also known as cartilaginous joints. There are two types synchondrosis and symphysis.

92
Q

Synarthrodial joint

A

A joint that has no mobility. Also known as fibrous joints. There are two types syndesmosis and sutures.

93
Q

Plane or gliding joints

A

A type of diarthrodial joint, Touching surfaces of the bone are flat

94
Q

Spheriod joint

A

A diarthrodial joint, concave and convex partnership

95
Q

Condylar Joint

A

A type of diarthrodial joint. Shallow versions of ball and socket joints

96
Q

Trochoid or pivot joint

A

The type of diarthrodial joint. Permits rotation only

97
Q

Sellar or saddle joint

A

The type of diarthrodial joint. Ball and socket joint with the saddle like Appearance

98
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

A type of diarthrodial joint. Shallow ball and socket with a football shaped portion. An example of this is the hip joint

99
Q

Hinge joint

A

A type of diarthrodial joint. Acts like it hinge, permits only Flexion and extension. An elbow is an example of this.

100
Q

Synchondrosis joint

A

Cartilage that ossifies through aging. Found were the first rib meets the sternum. A type of amphiarthrodial joint

101
Q

Symphysis joint

A

Bone connected by fibrocartilage. Example is pubis synthesis which is in the pelvic area. A type of amphiarthrodial , Limited mobility.

102
Q

Syndesmosis joint

A

A type of synarthrodial joint with no mobility. Joints that are bound by fibrous ligaments. Found in the ankle.

103
Q

Sutures

A

A type of synarthrodial joint that has no mobility. Joints between the bones of the skull. Another example is gomphosis which is a joint found between that alveolus ( tooth socket) and tooth

104
Q

Gomphosis joint

A

A type of suture with no mobility. It is a joint found between the alveolus or tooth socket and the tooth

105
Q

Muscles

A

Muscles can be long or short. All have an origin and insertion. Origin is the least mobile point of attachment. Insertion is the point of attachment that moves when a muscle is contracted. Muscles may be agonists, antagonistic, or synergistic nature when movement occurs. All muscles are innervated by a single nerve.

106
Q

Origin of muscle

A

The least mobile point of attachment

107
Q

Insertion of muscle

A

The point of attachment that moves when a muscle is contracted

108
Q

Agonist muscles

A

Muscles that move structure. Example: biceps.

109
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Muscles that oppose movement. Example: triceps

110
Q

Synergist muscle

A

Muscles that stabilize structures

111
Q

Body systems (8)

A

Muscular system, skeletal system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, urinary system, and endocrine system, nervous system

112
Q

Speech pathology 4 speech systems

A

Respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory

113
Q

Respiratory system

A

Includes respiratory passageways, lungs, trachea, etc.

114
Q

Phonatory system

A

Voice sound, components of respiratory systems including laryngeal structures

115
Q

Articulatory system

A

Structures that alter speech sound including tongue, lips, teeth and soft palate

116
Q

Resonatory system

A

Nasal cavity, soft palate

COMD 3100 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech (6 decks)

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