Chapter 1 unit 1 Flashcards
Posterior
Toward the rear or back
Dorsal or Posterior
Towards the back
Anterior or ventral
Refers to the front surface
Lateral
Towards the side
Superior or Cranial
Above or towards the head (Further from the ground)
Inferior or Caudal
Below or towards the tail (end)
What is anatomy
The study of organism structure and the relations of their parts.
What are different types of anatomy?
Applied, systematic, developmental, pathological.
What is physiology?
The study of the function of the living organisms and their parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.
Cytology
The study of cells
Histology
The study of tissues
Osteology
The study of bones
Myology
The study of muscles
Arthrology
The study of joints
Angiology
The study of blood vessels
Neurology
The study of the nervous system
What is the thorax.
The chest region
What is the abdomen?
Bell or abdominal area
What is the truck?
Made up of the thorax and abdomen
What is the pelvis?
Area of the hipbones
What is the Caput?
The head
What are the two parts of the skull?
Cranial portion and facial portion
What is the upper extremity?
Arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
What is the lower extremity made up of?
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot
What is the anatomical position?
Body erect, palms and hands face forward.
What is the axial skeleton?
Head and trunk
What is that appendicular skeleton?
Lower and upper limbs
What is the coronal plane(or frontal)?
Divides body into front and back halves
What is the transverse plane?
Divides body into upper and lower portion (at about the belly button)
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides body into right and left halves. Side note: midsagittal sections are halves that are equal
Proximal
Nearer to a point of reference such as an origin, or point of attachment
Distal
Farther from a point of reference
Abduct
Away from the midline of the body
Adduct
Towards the midline of the body
Superficial
Towards the surface
Peripheral or deep
Away from the surface
Flexion/extension
Bending of the joint
What are the building blocks of anatomy?
Cells, tissues, organs, systems
What are cells?
The basic structural and functional units of all organisms
Tissues
When groups of cells combine or associate together to exhibit functional unity
What are organs?
Collections of tissues associated together for a particular function
What is a system?
When two or more organs combined or associate together for a particular function
What is protoplasm?
A semi fluid which appears as a clear substance or granular appearance
Highly organized mass of protoplasm
A cell
What are the five cell traits?
Irritable, growth, spontaneous movement, metabolism, reproduction
What are the two parts of protoplasm?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Chromatin
Part of the nucleus contains DNA forms chromosomes
Nucleolus
Part of the nucleus contains ribosomes important for protein production
Cytoplasm
70 to 85% water, 20% protein. Contains centrosomes, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, lipids/fats, vacuoles, glycogen particles, Crystaline inclusion bodies, lysosomes, inert substances.
Centrosomes
For cell division
Mitochondrian
Provides energy or ATP
Golgi apparatus
Stores secretary substances
Lipids or fats
Modulator of cellular activity
Vacuoles
Stores foods and nutrients in a cell
Glycogen particles
Nutrition for a cell
Lysosomes
Digestive organs of the cell.
Tissue types
Epithelial, Connective, muscular, nervous
Two types of epithelium tissue
Simple epithelium, compound epithelium
Basement membrane
Underlies epithelial tissue and can be used for a number of functions. For example filtering, and stabilize connective tissue…
What is simple epithelium tissue made out of and what things does it line?
(Squamous “pavement”epithelium) Made out of a single layer of flat cells. Lines blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels.
(Cuboidal epithelium “cubical”) Cube shaped. secretory function in some glands such as thyroid.
(Culinar epithelium): single layer, cylindrical cells; inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
(Ciliated epithelium) Cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi
What is compound epithelium and what does it do?
Different layers of cells.
Types
Stratified epithelium: flattened cells on the bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining up mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
Transitional epithelium: pear-shaped cells; lining of bladder, etc.
What does the basement membrane do?
Underlies epithelial tissue; serves stabilizing and other functions, including joining epithelial and connective tissues.
What does connective tissue do?
Provide support and protection for the body
Areolar tissue
Loose connective tissue. And between muscles and supports organs.
Adipose tissue
Highly concentrated with the fat cells. Adipose means fat.
White fibrous tissue
Binds structures together. Strong, dense, highly organized fibers. Found in ligaments and fascia
Yellow elastic tissue
Found in areas that require a recoil of connective tissue. Including the trachea, bronchi, lungs,
Lymphoid tissue
Specialized connective tissue/that means that this tissue is only found in certain places. Lymphoid tissue is found in tonsils and adenoids
Cartilage
Flexible and firm type of specialized connective tissue.
there are three types: Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, yellow cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
Bluish white in color and smooth. Found on the ribs, larynx, trachea and bronchiole passageways
Fibrocartilage
Dense and white with flexible fibers. Found in intervertebral discs and between surfaces of the knee joint
Yellow cartilage
Firm and the elastic. Found in pinna which is the flexible part of your ear, nose, epiglottis.
Bone
Specialized connective tissue. There are 206 bones in human body. two types: compact which is dense and gives bone it’s
White appearance. And spongy or cancellous bone that is more porous; usually found at the end of bones also contains white and red blood cell Plasma matrix
Compact bone
Dense. Gives bone white appearance
Sponji/cancellous bone
Molitoris; usually found at the end of bones.
Blood
Plasma is the food component of blood this is considered a connective tissue. Red and white blood cells are suspended in matrix.
Muscle tissue
There are three different types: striated, smooth, cardiac.
Striated tissue
Muscle tissue that is also called skeletal muscle. Has striped appearance and is classified as voluntary or somatic muscle that moves in response to conscious, voluntary movement.
Smooth muscle
Found in digestive tract and blood vessels automatic and involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Only found in heart. Involuntary.
Nervous tissue
Specialized tissue that allows for communication throughout the body
Neurons
Also called nerve cells. They transmit information from neuron to neuron or to other places throughout the body
Tissue aggregates
Tissues that combine to form larger structures. These include: fascia, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, muscles.
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, organs, blood vessels or nerves.
Tendons
Tough, nonelastic cords. Attach muscles to bones, muscles to cartilage or muscle to muscle. Subtype of tendons is aponeurosis. Aponeurosis is broadsheets of tendinous expansion serving as a covering for muscle
Aponeurosis
Broadsheets of tendinous expansion serving as a covering for muscle. A subcategory of tendons.
Ligaments
elastic fibers with limited elasticity. Join bone to bone, going to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage.
Bones
Provide skeleton that supports and protects organs and tissues. When bones join together, it is called articulation. There are 206 bones of the human body. Bones can be characterized by length or shape: long, short, flat, a regular and accessory.
Joints
Connection between bones or cartilage. Classified based on degree of movement. Diarthrodial is high mobility, amphiarthriodial is limited ability, and synarthrodial is no mobility.
Diarthrodial joint
A joint that has high mobility. Also known as synovial joints because synovial fluid found in joint space.
There are seven different types of diarthrodial joints: Plane or gliding joints, sepheriod, condylar, trochoid, sellar, ellipsoid, hinge.
Amphiarthrodial joint
A joint that has limited mobility. Also known as cartilaginous joints. There are two types synchondrosis and symphysis.
Synarthrodial joint
A joint that has no mobility. Also known as fibrous joints. There are two types syndesmosis and sutures.
Plane or gliding joints
A type of diarthrodial joint, Touching surfaces of the bone are flat
Spheriod joint
A diarthrodial joint, concave and convex partnership
Condylar Joint
A type of diarthrodial joint. Shallow versions of ball and socket joints
Trochoid or pivot joint
The type of diarthrodial joint. Permits rotation only
Sellar or saddle joint
The type of diarthrodial joint. Ball and socket joint with the saddle like Appearance
Ellipsoid joint
A type of diarthrodial joint. Shallow ball and socket with a football shaped portion. An example of this is the hip joint
Hinge joint
A type of diarthrodial joint. Acts like it hinge, permits only Flexion and extension. An elbow is an example of this.
Synchondrosis joint
Cartilage that ossifies through aging. Found were the first rib meets the sternum. A type of amphiarthrodial joint
Symphysis joint
Bone connected by fibrocartilage. Example is pubis synthesis which is in the pelvic area. A type of amphiarthrodial , Limited mobility.
Syndesmosis joint
A type of synarthrodial joint with no mobility. Joints that are bound by fibrous ligaments. Found in the ankle.
Sutures
A type of synarthrodial joint that has no mobility. Joints between the bones of the skull. Another example is gomphosis which is a joint found between that alveolus ( tooth socket) and tooth
Gomphosis joint
A type of suture with no mobility. It is a joint found between the alveolus or tooth socket and the tooth
Muscles
Muscles can be long or short. All have an origin and insertion. Origin is the least mobile point of attachment. Insertion is the point of attachment that moves when a muscle is contracted. Muscles may be agonists, antagonistic, or synergistic nature when movement occurs. All muscles are innervated by a single nerve.
Origin of muscle
The least mobile point of attachment
Insertion of muscle
The point of attachment that moves when a muscle is contracted
Agonist muscles
Muscles that move structure. Example: biceps.
Antagonistic muscles
Muscles that oppose movement. Example: triceps
Synergist muscle
Muscles that stabilize structures
Body systems (8)
Muscular system, skeletal system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, urinary system, and endocrine system, nervous system
Speech pathology 4 speech systems
Respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory
Respiratory system
Includes respiratory passageways, lungs, trachea, etc.
Phonatory system
Voice sound, components of respiratory systems including laryngeal structures
Articulatory system
Structures that alter speech sound including tongue, lips, teeth and soft palate
Resonatory system
Nasal cavity, soft palate
