Chapter 2- Understanding Leadership and Management Theories Flashcards
What is leadership?
- a process whereby one person influences a group of indivivuals to achieve a common goal
What is management?
- a process that creates orderly results which keep something working efficiently.
What are the 3 approaches to leadership?(3)
- Trait approach
- Skills approach
- Behavioural approach
What is the Trait Approach to leadership?
- Intelligence
- Self -confidence
- determination
- integrity
- sociability
** exists in a vaccuum, does not consider situational effects of leadership on a group
What is the Skills Approach to leadership?
- Technical
- Human
- Conceptual
- emphasizes the capabilities of the leader
** focuses exclusively on leader but identifies set of skills that can be developed
What is the Behavioural approach to leadership?
- focuses on what leaders do and how they act
- emphasizes the personality characteristics of the leader
What are the 2 general kinds of behaviour that make up the Behavioural Approach?
- Task behaviours- facilitate goal accomplishment: help members achieve objectives
- Relationship behaviours- help followers feel comfortable with themselves, each other and with situation they are in.
What is the central purpose of Behavioural Approach?
- to explain how leaders combine TASK and |RELATIONSHIP behaviours to influence follers in their efforts to reach a goal.
What is crew resource management? (Blake/Mouton’s Managerial Grid)
- a grid theory based on experiments to increase leadership effectiveness in 1990s
- a type of leadership method used to improve incident safety in the fire service
- assumes that every decision and action taken are driven by people’s values, attitudes and beliefs
- a concern for people and concern for results
- describes 5 management styles
What are the 5 styles of crew resource management (Blake/ Mouton’s Managerial Grid)?
- Improverished Managament
- Authority- Compliance Management
- Country Club Management
- Middle-of-the-Road Management
- Team Management
What is Improverished (indifferent) Management style?
- represents the lowest level of concern for both results and people
- an indifferent manager goes through motion of work, doing enough to get by, but rarely make an effort to do more
- relies heavily on instruction and process, depending on others to outline what needs to be done; avoids personal responsibility
- “it is not my problem”
What is the Authority- Compliance (controlling) Management style?
- manager demonstrates HIGH need for results with LOW concern for others
- brings determination, focus, drive for success; highly trained, organized, experienced, qualified to lead team
- low concern for others prevents manager from being aware of others involved, beyond what is expected of them
- demonstrates AUTOCRATIC leadeship style
When is the autocratic leaderhip style found within the Authority- Compliance (controlling) Management required? (2)
- when fire company involved in high-risk emergency scene activity (ex. primary search)- no time for discussion, no experiements with alternative approaches
- when FO needs to take immediate corrective supervisory activity- “control, neutralize, command”- must be in control
What is the Country Club (accomodating) Management style?
- demonstrates low concern for results and high concern for other people
- heightened awareness of others, and always considers how actions will affect them; aware of feelings
- approachable, fun, friendly, ready to listen w/ sympathy and encouragement
- consequence is avoidance of concrete issues
- diametrically opposed to Authority- Compliance (controlling) management style
What is the MIddle-of-the-Road (status quo) Management style?
- belief of an inherent contradiction between concerns for results and for people and does not value one concern over the other
- moderates between both
- objective is to “play it safe” and work towards acceptable solutions that follow proven methods
- avoids risk by manintaining tried-and-true course, follows popular opinion and norms without pushing too hard
- emphasis on maintaining popular status within team
- intelligent and informed enough to persuade people, but less then they want and less than they could achieve
- appears unbiased and impartial, but represents narrow view that underestimates people, results, and power of change
- laissez-faire leadership that moves decision making from FO to FF
- effective with experienced FF and when handling routine duties that pose little hazard
What is the Team (sound) Management style?
- sees no contradiction in high concern for people AND results
- allows for freedom to test limits of success with enthusiasm and confidence
- based on “what’s right”, not “who’s right”
- preferred management style for successful FO
- demonstrates democratic leadership style; consultative approach
- depends on skills and experience of individual team members
- execution of team developed plan involves autocratic command style
What is Situational Leadership?
- composed of both a directive and a supportive dimension
- based on assumption that followers’ skills and motivation vary over time, so leader should change degree to which they are directive or supportive to meet changing needs of followers.
- recognize what followers need and then adapt their own style to meet those needs
What are the 4 categories of Situational (directive/supportive behaviour) Leadership?
- S1- high directive- low supportive (directing)
- S2 - high directive- high supportive (coaching)
- S3- high supportive- low directive (supporting)
- S4 - low supportive- low directive (delegative)
What is the S1 high directive- low supportive (directing) behviour of Situational Leadership?
- leader focuses on goal achivement by providing direct instruction on what is to be done, under close supervision
What is the S2- high-directive- high supportive (coaching) style behaviour of Situational Leadership?
- leader focuses on both the goal and meeting the follower’s socioemotional needs; give encouragement and asks for input
- leader retains requirement to make final decision on goal achievement
What is S3- high supportive- low directive (supporting) behaviour of Situational Leadership?
- leader uses supportive behaviours to bring out follower’s skills around goal to be accomplished
What is S4- low supportive- low directive behaviour (delegating) behaviour of Situational Leadership?
group agrees on goal, leader allows followers responsibility to accomplish the goal
What is Transformational Leadership?
- gives attention to charismatic and affective elements of leadership
- it is a process that changes and transforms people
- concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards and long-term goals
- it includes assessing follower’s motives, satisfying their needs and treating them as full human beings
What are the 5 ways leaders demonstrate transformational leadership? (5)
- Provide strong role models for the beliefs and values they want their followers to adopt.
- Being charasmatic leaders who appear competent to their followers
- Articulating ideological goals that have moral overtones.
- Communicating high expectations for followers and exhibit confidence in the follower’s ability ot meet these expectations.
- Arousing task-relevant motive in followers that may include affiliation, power, esteem.
What are the 5 fundamental practices that enable transformational leaders to get extraordinary results?
- Model the way.
- Inspire a shared vision
- Challenge the process
- Enable others to act
- Encourage the heart.
** utilizes a 360degree feedback process and focuses on developing a compelling vision for leader
What is Authentic Leadership?
- recent area of leadership research interest
- does not have clear definition
- looks at intrapersonal perspective, looking at leader’s self-knowledge, self-regulation, and self- concept; nutured by the leader
What are the 5 dimensions of authentic leadership?
- Purpose
- Values
- Relationships
- Self- discipline
- Heart