Chapter 2 theories of development Flashcards
Name the five influential theories of development
- The biological and evolutionary theories.
- Three families of psychological theories. (Freud’s psychosexual theory, Ericksons psychosocial theory, the humanistic alternative)
- System theory
Describe dominant recessive pattern of inheritance
A single dominant gene influences a person’s phenotype. But two recessive genes are necessary to influence a persons phenotype.
Describe polygenic inheritance
A pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a phenotype or trait
Define multifactorial inheritance
When both genetics and the environment decide a traits expression
Define mitochondrial inheritance
The understanding that children inherit jeans from their mother’s egg and not from the father’s sperm
What is an epigenetic marker?
A marker found on our genes that instruct them to either turn on or turn off
Epigenetics have the ability to be influenced by our experiences
These changes can be passed on to the next generation
What is ethology
Genetically determined survival behaviours have evolved through natural selection
What is behaviour genetics?
Traitor said to be influenced by genes when related people are more similar than those who are unrelated
Describe evolutionary psychology
The view that genetically inherited cognitive and social traits have evolved through natural selection
Define psychoanalytic theories
Psychoanalytic theorists, believe that developmental changes happen because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour
Describe Erickson psychosocial theory
Development results from the interaction between our inner instinct and cultural demands
Development occurs across the entire lifespan and psychosocial stages
One must move through and successfully resolved, eight crises or dilemmas
List the stages missing:
trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Fill in the missing information
Who is the key figure in humanistic theory and what was their contribution?
Maslow was a key figure in humanistic theory
He postulated that self actualization describes the ultimate goal in human life
He used a needs hierarchy to show this
Name the five stages of Maslow’s needs hierarchy
Psychological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging needs
Esteem needs
Need for self actualization
Who was Carl Rogers?
He focussed on the capacity of each of us to become a fully functioning person without guilt or seriously, distorted defences
We all have a potential for personal growth
What is a scheme?
An internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance
What is assimilation?
The process of applying schemes to experiences
What is accommodation?
The changing of a scheme as a result of getting new information
What is equilibration?
The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes at 50 environment. We learn what works and what does not work in particular situations.
What are PG’s for cognitive developmental stage is
- sensory motor from birth to 18 months
- Pre-operational from 18 months to six years.
- Concrete operational from six years to 12 years.
- Formal operational age, 12 and older.
Describe the information processing theory
A model of information encoding, storage, and retrieval.
What’s three types of memory are used in the information processing theory
- Sensory memory.
- Short term memory.
- Long-term memory.
Describe Vygotski‘s sociocultural theory
Assert that complex forms of thinking of their origins and social interactions
Children’s development is guided by an adult or more skilled child using a process called scaffolding
To use scaffolding, the child’s attention is focussed on the best strategy model, and the process is adapted to the child’s developmental level
