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PSYC 211 > Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

The scientific study of age-related changes in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships, and personalities.

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2
Q

What has influenced many beliefs about human development?

A

Ideas generated from philosophers’ observations of people at different ages.

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3
Q

What method do we currently rely on to study development?

A

The scientific method.

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4
Q

According to Christian doctrine, how are humans perceived at birth?

A

Born with a selfish and stubborn nature.

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5
Q

What did John Locke propose about a child’s mind?

A

That it is a blank slate.

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6
Q

What is Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s claim about human nature?

A

That all humans have innate goodness.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The historical philosophical perspective of ‘Original Sin’ views the child’s inherent predisposition as _______.

A

Sinful.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The historical philosophical perspective of ‘The Blank Slate’ views the child’s inherent predisposition as _______.

A

Neutral.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The historical philosophical perspective of ‘Innate Goodness’ views the child’s inherent predisposition as _______.

A

Good.

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10
Q

What is the parental responsibility according to the ‘Original Sin’ perspective?

A

Intervene to correct.

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11
Q

What is the parental responsibility according to the ‘The Blank Slate’ perspective?

A

Shape behaviours.

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12
Q

What is the parental responsibility according to the ‘Innate Goodness’ perspective?

A

Nurture and protect.

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13
Q

Why is play critical to children’s development?

A

Play is essential for children’s overall growth and development.

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14
Q

What do toy designers aim to promote through toys?

A

Various elements of children’s development.

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15
Q

What organization conducts research to ensure toy safety and appropriateness?

A

The Canadian Toy Testing Council (CTTC).

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16
Q

What aspects do the CTTC research regarding toys?

A
  • Age-appropriateness
  • Safety
  • Performance
  • Appeal
  • Usefulness
  • Durability
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17
Q

What should toys do based on a child’s chronological age?

A

Challenge and stimulate.

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18
Q

Who understood the development of the human species by studying child development?

A

Charles Darwin

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19
Q

What did G. Stanley Hall identify in human development?

A

Norms, or the average ages at which milestones happen

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20
Q

What concept did Arnold Gesell suggest regarding human development?

A

Maturation, a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change

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21
Q

How many stages did Jean Piaget describe in the development of logical thinking?

22
Q

Fill in the blank: G. Stanley Hall identified _______ in human development.

23
Q

True or False: Arnold Gesell proposed that development is influenced solely by environmental factors.

24
Q

What is the term for the sequential pattern of change suggested by Arnold Gesell?

A

Maturation

25
What did Jean Piaget focus on in his study of human development?
The development of logical thinking
26
Fill in the blank: Charles Darwin contributed to understanding human development by studying _______.
child development
27
What does the term development encompass in contemporary developmental psychology?
The entire human lifespan ## Footnote This reflects a shift from a more limited view of development.
28
How do contemporary developmentalists understand the interaction of characteristics?
Inborn characteristics interact with environmental factors in complex ways ## Footnote This represents a more nuanced view of development.
29
How did pioneers of developmental psychology view change?
Almost exclusively in terms of norms ## Footnote This contrasts with modern views that recognize multiple forms of change.
30
What is the modern view of norms in developmental psychology?
Norms represent only one kind of change ## Footnote This indicates a broader understanding of developmental changes.
31
What does the lifespan perspective emphasize about changes during development?
Important changes occur during every period of development
32
How must changes in development be interpreted?
In light of the culture and context in which they occur
33
What type of research is necessary to fully understand human development?
Interdisciplinary research
34
What is the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands throughout the lifespan called?
Plasticity
35
True or False: The lifespan perspective suggests that changes only occur in childhood.
False
36
Fill in the blank: According to the lifespan perspective, changes must be interpreted in light of _______.
[the culture and context in which they occur]
37
Name the three domains of development
Physical domain: includes changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body Cognitive domain : include changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and other intellectual skills Social domain : includes the changes in variables associated with the relationship of an individual to others
38
What is continuity in discontinuity and development?
Continuity: -age related change and is quantitative. It is a change in the amount or degree. -Development consists only of additions Discontinuity : -Age related change is qualitative. changes in characteristic, kind or type. -Development involves re-organization or emergence of new strategies, qualities, or skills.
39
What three categories can be used to group a related changes?
1. Universal change. 2. Group specific change. 3. Individual differences.
40
Describe universal changes
-Common to every individual in a species and are linked to specific ages -Some changes happen from maturation -Social clock is a set of age norms that defines a sequence of normal life -Age norms can lead to ageism
41
Describe group specific changes
-changes that are shared by all individuals in a particular group -Culture shapes development and our ideas above what normal development -Cohort describes groups of individuals, born within some fairly narrow band of years, who share the same historical experiences at the same times in their lives
42
Describe individual changes
-result from unique, un shared events -Critical period a specific period and development when an individual is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of some kind of experience -Sensitive period a span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence -Atypical development development that deviate from the typical developmental pathway
43
What is the biological process view versus experiential factors influencing development called?
The nature versus nurture controversy
44
What current model is used to describe the reciprocal interactions of nature and nurture?
The interactionist model
45
What four goals does developmental psychology have?
1. Describe.: simply state what happens during development. 2. Explain.: using theories to tell why a particular event occurs. 3. Predict.: using theories to generate hypothesis that researchers can test. 4. Influence: use scientific research to enhance development of individuals.
46
What research methods do developmental psychologist use for identifying relationships between variables?
Case studies Naturalistic observation Surveys
47
Does correlation mean causation?
No!
48
What is ethnography?
A detailed description of a single culture or context based on extensive observation
49
What are some common guidelines in research ethics?
Protect protection from harm Informed consent Confidentiality Knowledge of results Deception, if used, must be explained fully
50

PSYC 211 (4 decks)

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