Chapter 2- The structure of cells Flashcards
Definition: Centrioles
Pair of cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division in animals and protists.
Definition: Chloroplast:
A green organelle composed of many layers of folded membrane, found in some animal cells in which photosynthesis takes place.
Definition: Cytoplasm
The contents of a cell, other than the nucleus. (More than 90% water and contains salts, ions, enzymes, food molecules).
Definition Cytosol
The fluid part of a cell, in which organelles are located.
Definition: Endoplastic reticulum:
Network of intracellular membranes that is involved in the production, processing, transport and storage of materials within the cell.
Definition: Golgi apparatus:
A stack of flat membrane sacs where the final synthesis and packaging of proteins into membrane- bound vesicles occurs before they are secreted from the cell. (Linked to E.R.)
Definition: Lysosomes:
Membrane bound vesicles containing powerful enzymes that break down foreign debris and material in animal cells.
Definition: Mitochondria:
Organells composed of many folded layers of membrane, produces energy via aerobic respiration.
Definition: Nucleus:
Large organelle that is surround by a double- layered nuclear membrane. It contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.
Definition: Plasma membrane:
Layer of molecules enclosing the cytoplasm and controls what substances enter and leave the cell.
Definition: Pastids
Group of organelles, found only in plant cells, which develop from simple organelles called proplasts
Definition: Ribosomes
Tiny organelles located in the cytosol that are sometimes associated with the E.R. They are the site of the production of protein.
Definition: Tonoplast
The vacuole membrane in plants cells that regulates the substances into and out of the vacuole.
Definition: Vacuole
Membrane bound, liquid filled space.
Definition Vesicles
Membrane- bound organelle involed with transport in cells.
What are the three common features of cells
1) Cytoplasm
2) Cell membrane
3) DNA/ genetic material
Definition: Nucleoid
Region where DNA is contained in prokaryotes.
Definition: Plasmids
Rings of double stranded DNA
Definition: Microtubules
hollow tubes found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells that shape and support the cell.
Definition: Protist
large diverse groups of eukaryotic micro-organisms, which belong to the kingdom Protista.
Definition: Hetereotroph
Organism that must obtain organic compounds by eating other organisms or their products.
What are the five kingdoms of cells?
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Definition: Microfilaments
Long, thin protein polymers
Definition: Autotrophic
Organisms that manufacture their own organic material
Definition: Prokaryotes
Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles.
Deinition: Eukaryotes
Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles.
What are Protists? Give an example.
Any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungi.
E.g. flagella
What are fungi? Give examples.
Heterotrophs that feed by absorption (can become thousands of acres big and can live in a variety of environments)
Eg. mould, mushroom, yeast
What are Plantae? Give examples.
Plants, multicellular with cell walls made of cellulose), feeds by means of photosynthesis
E.g. ferns, mosses, conifers
What are Animalia? Give examples.
Multicellular heterotrophic, digests food in an internal chamber and does not have cell walls.
E.g. crustaceans, insects, mollusks, centipedes.
Name some current microscopy techniques.
Light microscopy (including autoradiography, fluorescence and confocal microscopy) Synchrotron light
What does confocal microscopy examine?
Very thin sections through living tissue
What is a synchrotron and what does synchrotron light do?
Synchrotron- large circular tube inside which electrons are travelling at close to the speed of light.
Synchrotron light- allows matter to be ‘seen’ at the atomic scale including changing in structure of protein molecules.
What does light microscopy use light to examine?
Uses visible light to examine cells and tissues.
What does electron microscopy use instead of light to view an object and what does it allow?
Viewed using an electron beam instead of light because it allows a much higher resolution.
