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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 2 - The Research Methods in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Research Methods in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

The Scientific Process

A
  1. Identify a question
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Gather information
  4. Analyze data
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2
Q

Theory

A

Plausible of scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain a phenomenon.

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3
Q

Parts of a Theory

A
  1. Organize information in a meaning way.
  2. Is testable
  3. Predictions are supported by research
  4. Conforms to Law of Parsimony (Occam’s Razor)
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4
Q

The Trouble with Humans

A

Complexity, variability, reactivity

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5
Q

Hindsight Understanding

A

Making a hypothesis after observing behaviour.

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6
Q

Understanding through Hypothesis-testing

A

Test possible explanations through the scientific method.

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7
Q

Operational Definition

A

A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms.

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8
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Describes behaviour in nature.

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9
Q

Case Studies

A

A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual.

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10
Q

Survey Research

A

Researching and sampling a population

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11
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing people in their natural environment if when they do not know they are being observed.

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12
Q

Correlation Research/Studies

A

Look for relationships between variables.

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13
Q

Correlation

A

Comparing the pattern of variation.

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14
Q

Positive Correlations

A

An increase in one variable leads to an increase in another variable. 0<r<1

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15
Q

Negative Correlations

A

An increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another variable. -1<r<0

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16
Q

Strength of Correlations

A

“r” indicates how related two variables are.

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17
Q

Benefits of Correlation

A

Make knowledgeable predictions, and can know what variables to use in an experiment to determine causality.

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18
Q

The Third Variable Problem

A

Two variables may only be related to each other because of a third variable. Can use matched samples of matched pairs.

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19
Q

Experimental Research

A

The only way to truly infer causality. Determine the relationship between two variables.

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20
Q

Variable

A

A property whose values can change across individuals and over time.

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21
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

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22
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured in a study.

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23
Q

Manipulating Variables

A

Must be in a controlled environment.

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24
Q

Steps of Manipulation

A
  1. Determine what you want to study (Identify your variables)
  2. Manipulate IV
  3. Measure the DV
  4. Check for the effect and draw conclusions.
25
Q

Between-Subjects

A

Two groups of different subjects

26
Q

Within-Subjects

A

One group where participants serve as both the control and experimental group.

27
Q

Reliability

A

Produce the same measurement when measuring the same thing.

28
Q

Validity

A

Must be conceptually related to the property of study.

29
Q

Power

A

Ability of a measure to detect the conditions specified in operational definition.

30
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Aspect of an observational setting that make people behave as they think they should.

31
Q

Deception

A

lie to face.

32
Q

Filler Items

A

add filler, how did that make you feel?, repeat multiple times.

33
Q

Double-Blind Studies

A

A way to avoid observer bias. Neither the researcher or the participant knows which is variable is treatment and which is control.

34
Q

Random Sampling

A

A technique for choosing participants tha ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

35
Q

Random Assignment

A

A procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group

36
Q

Central Tendency

A

The value of measurement near the midpoint or centre of distribution.

37
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent measurement observed.

38
Q

Mean

A

average.

39
Q

Median

A

Value in the middle of the distribution.

40
Q

Histograms

A

Bar graph, groups data by score.

41
Q

Box Plots

A

Spread of data, the box covers two quartiles of data.

42
Q

Variability

A

How much measurements differ from each other.

43
Q

Range

A

Value of the largest measurement - the smallest measurement

44
Q

Standard Deviation

A

How much the score differs from the average.

45
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Symmetrical curve with a central peak and a tail at both ends. *mean, median and mode are all the same

46
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

The peak of the curve is shifted to one side. *Mode is the peak
positive → peak on left
negative → peak on right

47
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Tests the significance of the difference between groups to se if the effect we are observing is meaningful.

48
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

States that any observed differences between the samples are due to chance.

49
Q

Internal Validity

A

The experiment works and p < 0.05.

50
Q

External Validity

A

Variables have been defined as normal, typical, or realistic.

51
Q

1979 Belmont Report

A

People have the right to make decisions about themselves for themselves.

52
Q

Informed Consent

A

Agree to risks and benefits.

53
Q

Freedom from Coercion

A

Cannot be forced to participate.

54
Q

Protection from Harm

A

Protected from physical or psychological harm.

55
Q

Debriefing

A

If a participant is deceived at any point in a experiment they must be told the purpose of the study and informed of the deception.

56
Q

Confidentiality

A

Private information is kept confidential.

57
Q

APA’s Code for Working with Animals

A

Must be trained to work and care for animals. Must minimize discomfort, infection, illness and pain.

58
Q

Law of Parsimony (Occar’s Razors)

A

The simplest option or explanation.

PSYCH 104 (4 decks)

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