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PSYCH 3312: Memory and Cognition > Chapter 2: The neural basis for cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The neural basis for cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Amygdala

A

Located in limbic system

Plays primarily role in emotion and stimuli evaluation

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2
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The outer surface (cortex) of the front part of the brain (frontal)

Crucial for planning complex and novel behaviors

Often mentioned as a main site of the brain’s executive function

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3
Q

Hindbrain

A

One of the brain’s 3 main structures (along with forebrain and midbrain)

Sits atop the spinal cord

Crucial for controlling several key life functions

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

The largest of the hindbrain’s areas

Crucial for balance and controlling bodily movements

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5
Q

Midbrain

A

Important in sensory reflexes, movement, and pain

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6
Q

Forebrain

A

Largest and newest part of the brain

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

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7
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the brain

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8
Q

Convolutions

A

Wrinkles in the brain allow it to take up less space

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9
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Largest convolution

Divides the left and right hemispheres

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10
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Either of the two halves of the cerebrum

Right controls left side of body and vice versa

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11
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Largest lobes in the human brain

Most common area for TBI

Voluntary movement, high level executive functions, expressive language

Prefrontal and primary motor projection areas

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12
Q

Central fissure

A

Separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the parietal lobes

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13
Q

Parietal lobes

A

The lobe in each cerebral hemisphere that lies between the occipital and frontal lobes and that includes some of the primary sensory projection areas, as well as circuits that are crucial for the control of attention

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14
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Separation dividing the frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the temporal lobes

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15
Q

Temporal lobes

A

The lobe of the cortex lying inward and down from the temples

Each includes the primary projection area, Wernicke’s area, and, subcortically the amygdala and hippocampus

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16
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere

Includes primary visual projection area

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17
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Identified pieces of the brain that are underneath the cortex

Thalamus, hypothalamus, various components of the limbic system

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

Major relay & integration center for sensory information

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small structure at the base of the forebrain that plays a vital role in the control of motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sex

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20
Q

Limbic system

A

A set of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

Believed to be involved in control of emotional behavior and motivation

Key role in learning and memory

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21
Q

Hippocampus

A

Structure located in the temporal lobe

Involved in creation of long-term memories and spatial memory

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22
Q

Commissure

A

One of the thick bundles of fibers along which information is sent back and forth between the two cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest commissure

Links the left and right hemispheres

24
Q

Lesion

A

A specific area of tissue damage

25
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

A

Non-invasive methods for examining either the structure or the activation pattern within a living brain

26
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CT scans)

A

Uses X-rays to construct a precise 3D image of brain’s anatomy

27
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET scans)

A

Determines how much glucose (brain fuel) is being used by specific areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

28
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans)

A

Uses magnetic fields to construct a detailed 3D representation of brain tissue

Like CT, MRI reveals the brain’s anatomy, but it’s much more precise

29
Q

functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Uses magnetic fields to construct a detailed 3D representation of activity levels in different areas of the brain at a particular moment in time

30
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A recording of voltage changes occuring at the scalp that reflect activity in the brain underneath

31
Q

Event-related potentials

A

Changes in EEG in the brief period just before, during, or after an explicitly defined event, usually measured by averaging together many trials in which this event has occured

32
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

Brain area specialized for perception of faces

33
Q

Transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)

A

A technique in which a series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly underneath this scalp area

34
Q

Localization of function

A

A particular region of the brain performs a specific job/function

35
Q

Primary motor projection areas

A

Located in rear of the frontal lobe

Departure point for nerve cells that send their signals to lower portiuons of the brain and spinal cord, and that ultimately result in muscle movement**

36
Q

Primary sensory projection areas

A

Main point of arrival for information arriving from the sense organs

37
Q

Contralateral control

A

Pattern in which the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body and the right half of the brian controls the left half of the body

38
Q

Association cortext

A

Traditional name for the portiuoin of the human cortex outside the motor and sensory projection areas

39
Q

Apraxias

A

Disturbance in the capacity to initiate/organize voluntary action, often caused by brain damage

40
Q

Agnosias

A

Disturbance in ability to identify familiar objects

41
Q

Unilateral neglect syndrome

A

Pattern of symptoms in which affected individuals ignore all inputs coming from one side of space

42
Q

Aphasia

A

A disruption to language capacities, often caused by brain damage

43
Q

Neurons

A

Individual cells in the nervous system

44
Q

Glia

A

Type of nerve cell found in the central nervous system

Many functions including support of neural connections and a key role in guiding initial development of these connections

Specialized glial cells provide insulatiuon to some neurons (myelin)

45
Q

Cell body

A

Area of cell coantaining nucleus and metabolic machinery that sustains the cell

46
Q

Dendrites

A

Part of neuron that usually detects the incoming signal

47
Q

Axon

A

Part of neuron that typically transmits a signal away from the neuron’s cell body and carries the signal to another location

48
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

One of the chemicals released by neurons to stimulate adjacent neurons

49
Q

Synapse

A

Space between neurons

50
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

Cell membrane of the neuron sending information

51
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Cell membrane of the neuron receiving information

52
Q

Threshold

A

Activity level at which a cell or detector responds or fires

53
Q

Action potential

A

A brief change in the electrical potential of an axon

The action poptential is the physical basis of the signal sent from one end of a neuron to the other

Usually triggers a further (chemical) signal to other neurons

54
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Layer of tissue formed by specialized glial cells that provides insulation around the axons of many neurons

There are gaps in the insulationand the neuronal signal jumps from one of these gaps to the next, dramatically increasing the speed of neurotransmission

55
Q

All or none law

A

A neuron or detector either fires completely or does not at all

No intermediate responses are possible

56
Q

Coding

A

System through which one type of information stands for or represents a different type of information

In the context of the nervous system, this term refers to the way in which activity in neurons manages to stand for, or represent, particular ideas or thoughts

PSYCH 3312: Memory and Cognition (17 decks)

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