Chapter 2 - The Human Body In Health And Disease Flashcards
1
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Anatomic reference system
A
Used to describe the location of the structual units of the body
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structures of the body
3
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Physiology
A
The stud of the fuctions of the structures of the body
4
Q
Anatomic position
A
Describes the body standing in the standard position:
- standing up straight
- holding arms at the sides with hand turned so that the palms face toward the front
5
Q
Body planes
A
Imaginary vertical lines used to dicide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
6
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Midsagittal plane
A
Vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
7
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Divides the body into unequal left and right planes
8
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Frontal plane
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Divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions. (Also known as the coronal plane)
9
Q
Coronal plane
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Frontal plane
10
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Horizontal plane
A
Flat, crosswise plane
11
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Vertical plane
A
And up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
12
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Transverse plane
A
Divides bobdy into superior and inferior (upper and lower) portions
13
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Ventral
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Direction: Front, belly side, of the organ or body
14
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Dorsal
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Direction: back of the organ or body
15
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Anterior
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Direction: situated in the front. Also mean on the front or forward part of an organ
16
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Posterior
A
Direction: situated in the back. Also mean on the back part of an organ or body
17
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Superior
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Direction: uppermost, above, or toward the head
18
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Inferior
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Direction: lowermost, below, or toward the feet
19
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Cephalic
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Direction: toward the head
20
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Caudal
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Direction: toward the lower part of the body
21
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Proximal
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Direction: situated nearest the midline of the begining of a body structure
22
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Distal
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Direction: farthest from the midline or begining of a body structure
23
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Medial
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Direction: the direction toward, or nearer the medline
24
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Lateral
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Direction: toward or nearer the side of the body
25
Two major body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
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Dorsal cavity
- Located along the back of the body and head.
- contains organs of the nervous system that boordinate body functions and is divided into two portions:
1) cranial
2) spinal
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Cranial cavity
Located within the skull. Surrouds and protects the brain
28
Spinal cavity
Located within the spinal coum. Surrounds and protect the sprinal cord.
29
Ventral cavity
- located along the front of the body.
| - contains body organs that sustain homeostasis.
30
Homeostasis
Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity or thorax
| Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
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Diaphragm
Muscle that separeates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
33
Abdominal cavity
Contains the major organs of digestion. Frequently refered to as abdomen.
34
Pelvic cavity
Formed by hip bones
| Contains organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
35
Division between abdominal and pelvic cavities
TRICK QUESTION: there is none. "Abdominopelvic cavity" refers to these two cavities as a single unit
36
Inguinal
Means relating to the groin. But it refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
37
Groin
Crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
38
Regions of the thorax and abdomen
-right and left hypochondriac regions (covered by the lower ribs)
-epigastric region (above the stomach)
Right and left lumbar regions (located near the inward curve of the spine)
-umbilical region (surrounds the umbilicus)
-right and left iliac region (located near the hip bones)
-hypogastric region (below the stomach)
39
Hypechonriac
Below the ribs OR an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health
40
Lumbar
Part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis
41
Belly button or navel
Pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilicord was attached before birth
42
Peritoneum (definition and parts)
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Multilayered membrane that protects and hold the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
Parts:
1) parietal peritoneum
2)mesentery
3)viseral peritoneum
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43
Membrane
Thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
44
Parietal peritoneum
Outer layer of the peritoneum.
| Lines the interior of the interior of the abdominal wall
45
Mesentery
Fused double later of the parietal peritoneum.
| Attached parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
46
Visceral peritoneum
Outter most layer of the peritoneum.
| Surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
47
Structures of the body
Cells, tissues, organs, body systems
48
Cells
Basic structural and fuctional units of the body
49
Cytology
Study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell
50
Cell membrane
Tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
51
Cytoplasm
Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the neucleus
52
Nucleus
Structure within the cell. Funtions:
1) controls the activities of the cell
2) helps the cell divide
53
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for a long period of time by cell division
54
Somatic stem cells
Adult stem cells, undifferentialed cells found among differentials cells in a tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
55
Graft-versus-host disease
When hemopoietic tissue of a donor's bone marrow is rejected by the host
56
Embryonic stems cells
- come from cord blood found in the umbilical chord
- undiferentiated cells unlike any specific adult cell
- Can form any adult cell
- does not require a perfect match
57
Gene
Fundamental physical and funtional unit of heredity. Control hereditary disorders and all physcal traits such as hair, skin, and eye color.
58
Genetics
Study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children. The role of genes in health and disease.
59
Dominant gene
Inhereited from either parent and the child will inherit that genetic condition
60
Recessive gene
- if inherited from one parent and a normal gene from the other, child will not have the condition
- if you have the resessive gene you may not have condition but can pass it on
61
Genome
Complete set of gentic information of an organism
62
Chromosome
Gentic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.
| Made up of DNA
63
Somatic cells (definition and description)
- Any cell in the body except gametes.
- 46 chromosomes
- 22 indentical pairs + extra that determines sex (XX-FM, XY-M)
64
Shape of DNA
Double helix
65
Genetic mutation (definition and types)
Change of the sequence of DNA molecule
Types:
1) somatic cell mutation (can not be tranmitted to nxt generation)
2) gametic cell mutation (can be tranmitted to next generation)
3) genetic engineering
66
Genetic engineering
Manipulation or splicing of fenes for scientific or medical purposes. E.g. The production of human insulin from modified bacteria)
67
Genetic disorder
Hereditary disorder. Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
68
Cystic fibrosis
(CF) present at birth and affects respiratory and difestive systems.
69
Down Syndrome
(DS) associated with characteric facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physcial abnormalities such as heart valve disease
70
Hemophilia
Blood clotting factor is missing
71
Huntington's Disease
(HD) Nerve degeneration with symtoms that most often appear in midlife.
72
Muscular Dystrophy
Progressive weakeness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
73
Phenylketonuria
(PKU) Essential diestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. With carefule dietary supervision to limit phenylalanine, found mostly in food that contain protein, children can live normal lives. Without early dection, causes severe intellectual disability.
74
Tissue
Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
75
Histology
Microscopic study of the structure, composition and function of tisses
76
Types of tissues
1) epithelium
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nerve
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Epithelial (definition and types)
Forms a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body
1) epithelium
2) endothelium
78
Epithelium
Specialized epithelial tissues that forms the epidermis of the skin AND surface layer of the muscous membranes
79
Endothelium
Spealized epithelial tissues lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, organs
80
Connective tissues (definitions and types)
Support and connect organ and other body tissues
1) dense connective tissue
2) adipose tissue
3) loose connective tissue
4) liquid connective tissues
81
Dense connective tissues
Bone and cartliage. Form joints and framework of the body
82
Adipose tissue
Fat. Provides protective padding, insulation, and support
83
Loose connective tissues
Surround various organs and support both nerve cells and blood vessels
84
Liquid connective tissues
Blood and lymph. Transport nurients and waste products througout the body
85
Muscle tissue
Contains cells with specialied abilit to contract and relax
86
Nerve tissue
Cells with specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
87
Aplasia
Incomplete tissue formation: Defective development, or congenital absense, of an organ or tissue
88
Hypoplasia
Incomplete Tissue Formation: Incomplete development of an organ or tissue usally due to a deficiency in the number of cells
89
Anaplasia
Abnormal tissue formation: change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other (e.g. Tumor formation in cancers)
90
Dysplasia
Abnormal tissue formation: abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
91
Hyperplasia
Abnormal tissues formation: enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
92
Hypertrophy
General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in the number of cells in the tissues (NOT due to tumor formation)
93
Gland (definitions and types)
Group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
1) exocrine
2) endocrine
94
Exocrine glands
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body (eg. sweat glands)
95
Endocrine glands
Produce hormones. Do not have ducts. Secretions go directly into the blood stream and and transported throughout the body.
