Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terminology For Health Professionals 8th Edition > Chapter 2 - The Human Body In Health And Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Human Body In Health And Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomic reference system

A

Used to describe the location of the structual units of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physiology

A

The stud of the fuctions of the structures of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anatomic position

A

Describes the body standing in the standard position:

  • standing up straight
  • holding arms at the sides with hand turned so that the palms face toward the front
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Body planes

A

Imaginary vertical lines used to dicide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into unequal left and right planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions. (Also known as the coronal plane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Coronal plane

A

Frontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Flat, crosswise plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vertical plane

A

And up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides bobdy into superior and inferior (upper and lower) portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventral

A

Direction: Front, belly side, of the organ or body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dorsal

A

Direction: back of the organ or body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anterior

A

Direction: situated in the front. Also mean on the front or forward part of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Posterior

A

Direction: situated in the back. Also mean on the back part of an organ or body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Superior

A

Direction: uppermost, above, or toward the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inferior

A

Direction: lowermost, below, or toward the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cephalic

A

Direction: toward the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Caudal

A

Direction: toward the lower part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proximal

A

Direction: situated nearest the midline of the begining of a body structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Distal

A

Direction: farthest from the midline or begining of a body structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medial

A

Direction: the direction toward, or nearer the medline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lateral

A

Direction: toward or nearer the side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two major body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dorsal cavity

A
  • Located along the back of the body and head.
  • contains organs of the nervous system that boordinate body functions and is divided into two portions:
    1) cranial
    2) spinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Located within the skull. Surrouds and protects the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Located within the spinal coum. Surrounds and protect the sprinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ventral cavity

A
  • located along the front of the body.

- contains body organs that sustain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Homeostasis

A

Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity or thorax

Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle that separeates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains the major organs of digestion. Frequently refered to as abdomen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Formed by hip bones

Contains organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Division between abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

TRICK QUESTION: there is none. “Abdominopelvic cavity” refers to these two cavities as a single unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Inguinal

A

Means relating to the groin. But it refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Groin

A

Crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Regions of the thorax and abdomen

A

-right and left hypochondriac regions (covered by the lower ribs)
-epigastric region (above the stomach)
Right and left lumbar regions (located near the inward curve of the spine)
-umbilical region (surrounds the umbilicus)
-right and left iliac region (located near the hip bones)
-hypogastric region (below the stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hypechonriac

A

Below the ribs OR an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health

40
Q

Lumbar

A

Part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis

41
Q

Belly button or navel

A

Pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilicord was attached before birth

42
Q

Peritoneum (definition and parts)

A 
Multilayered membrane that protects and hold the organs in place within the abdominal cavity 
Parts:
1) parietal peritoneum
2)mesentery
3)viseral peritoneum
43
Q

Membrane

A

Thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

44
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Outer layer of the peritoneum.

Lines the interior of the interior of the abdominal wall

45
Q

Mesentery

A

Fused double later of the parietal peritoneum.

Attached parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

46
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Outter most layer of the peritoneum.

Surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

47
Q

Structures of the body

A

Cells, tissues, organs, body systems

48
Q

Cells

A

Basic structural and fuctional units of the body

49
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell

50
Q

Cell membrane

A

Tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

51
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the neucleus

52
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure within the cell. Funtions:

1) controls the activities of the cell
2) helps the cell divide

53
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for a long period of time by cell division

54
Q

Somatic stem cells

A

Adult stem cells, undifferentialed cells found among differentials cells in a tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

55
Q

Graft-versus-host disease

A

When hemopoietic tissue of a donor’s bone marrow is rejected by the host

56
Q

Embryonic stems cells

A
  • come from cord blood found in the umbilical chord
  • undiferentiated cells unlike any specific adult cell
  • Can form any adult cell
  • does not require a perfect match
57
Q

Gene

A

Fundamental physical and funtional unit of heredity. Control hereditary disorders and all physcal traits such as hair, skin, and eye color.

58
Q

Genetics

A

Study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children. The role of genes in health and disease.

59
Q

Dominant gene

A

Inhereited from either parent and the child will inherit that genetic condition

60
Q

Recessive gene

A
  • if inherited from one parent and a normal gene from the other, child will not have the condition
  • if you have the resessive gene you may not have condition but can pass it on
61
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of gentic information of an organism

62
Q

Chromosome

A

Gentic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.

Made up of DNA

63
Q

Somatic cells (definition and description)

A
  • Any cell in the body except gametes.
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 22 indentical pairs + extra that determines sex (XX-FM, XY-M)
64
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

65
Q

Genetic mutation (definition and types)

A

Change of the sequence of DNA molecule
Types:
1) somatic cell mutation (can not be tranmitted to nxt generation)
2) gametic cell mutation (can be tranmitted to next generation)
3) genetic engineering

66
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Manipulation or splicing of fenes for scientific or medical purposes. E.g. The production of human insulin from modified bacteria)

67
Q

Genetic disorder

A

Hereditary disorder. Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

68
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

(CF) present at birth and affects respiratory and difestive systems.

69
Q

Down Syndrome

A

(DS) associated with characteric facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physcial abnormalities such as heart valve disease

70
Q

Hemophilia

A

Blood clotting factor is missing

71
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

(HD) Nerve degeneration with symtoms that most often appear in midlife.

72
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Progressive weakeness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

73
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

(PKU) Essential diestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. With carefule dietary supervision to limit phenylalanine, found mostly in food that contain protein, children can live normal lives. Without early dection, causes severe intellectual disability.

74
Q

Tissue

A

Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

75
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of the structure, composition and function of tisses

76
Q

Types of tissues

A

1) epithelium
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nerve

77
Q

Epithelial (definition and types)

A

Forms a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body

1) epithelium
2) endothelium

78
Q

Epithelium

A

Specialized epithelial tissues that forms the epidermis of the skin AND surface layer of the muscous membranes

79
Q

Endothelium

A

Spealized epithelial tissues lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, organs

80
Q

Connective tissues (definitions and types)

A

Support and connect organ and other body tissues

1) dense connective tissue
2) adipose tissue
3) loose connective tissue
4) liquid connective tissues

81
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

Bone and cartliage. Form joints and framework of the body

82
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat. Provides protective padding, insulation, and support

83
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

Surround various organs and support both nerve cells and blood vessels

84
Q

Liquid connective tissues

A

Blood and lymph. Transport nurients and waste products througout the body

85
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contains cells with specialied abilit to contract and relax

86
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Cells with specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

87
Q

Aplasia

A

Incomplete tissue formation: Defective development, or congenital absense, of an organ or tissue

88
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete Tissue Formation: Incomplete development of an organ or tissue usally due to a deficiency in the number of cells

89
Q

Anaplasia

A

Abnormal tissue formation: change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other (e.g. Tumor formation in cancers)

90
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal tissue formation: abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

91
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Abnormal tissues formation: enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

92
Q

Hypertrophy

A

General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in the number of cells in the tissues (NOT due to tumor formation)

93
Q

Gland (definitions and types)

A

Group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

1) exocrine
2) endocrine

94
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body (eg. sweat glands)

95
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Produce hormones. Do not have ducts. Secretions go directly into the blood stream and and transported throughout the body.

Medical Terminology For Health Professionals 8th Edition (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions