Chapter 2: The Development of the Social Sciences Flashcards
Define kinship.
Relationships among members of a social group that are based on members’ descent from common ancestors.
Define extrovert. Who used this term?
term used by Carl Jung for a person who seeks a large number of close associations with others & who draws strength or energy from these associations.
Define introvert. Who used this term?
term used by Carl Jung to describe an emotionally self-sufficient person who does not encourage a large number of close associations with others & draws strength /energy from his/her inner life.
Define conditioned response. Who used this term?
term used by Ivan Pavlov for a response that is based on previous learning ex. Excitement before meeting an old friend.
What are the three types of anthropology?
- Cultural Anthropology
- Social Anthropology
- Physical Anthropology
What are the three schools of thought of sociology?
- Functionalism
- The Conflict School
- Symbolic Interactionism
What are the three schools of thought in psychology?
- Psychoanalysis
- Behavioural Psychology
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Who was Sigmund Freud? What theories did he develop?
- Freud is regarded as the founder of psychology & psychoanalysis (the talking treatment).
- Conscious vs. unconscious mind
- The 3 elements of the human mind; the id, the ego & the superego.
- Defense mechanisms: he uncovered that people who frequently used them risked losing touch with reality.
- Psychosexual stages of development.
Explain briefly Freud’s theory of the conscious mind vs. the unconscious mind.
He assumed the human mind was divided into the conscious mind (containing recoverable memories) & the unconscious mind (contains suppressed memories).
Define the 3 elements of the mind.
- The id is the pleasure seeking part of the brain (I want)
- The ego urges us to do good things to obtain positive results (I should)
- The superego is the conscience that helps us choose right from wrong (I will).
Define defense mechanism.
techniques the mind uses to deal with anxiety & maintain self-esteem
List and define 5 defense mechanisms.
- Projection: judging others for negative traits we believe we possess
- Rationalization; inventing an excuse to explain failure or loss
- Compensation (ex. shopping, gambling)
- Displacement: lash out at someone else with suppressed frustration from an earlier situation
- Repression: suppressing unpleasant urges or thoughts out of the conscious mind to the subconscious.
Describe the significance of Ivan Pavlov.
- Significant psychologist
- He studied rewards & punishment when teaching. Pavlov believed the reward should be given before the desired behaviour.
- Pavlov is most well-known for his dog experiment regarding unconditioned stimulus (US) & unconditioned response (UR).
- When a dog accepts the food it’s given, the result is US & the dog’s saliva is a UR.
- To establish an element of conditioned stimulus (CS), Pavlov rang a bell before feeding the dogs creating a conditioned response (CR).
Describe the significance of Skinner.
- Significant psychologist
- He studied rewards & punishment when teaching.
- He taught a rat to press a bar (execute the desired behaviour) to release a pellet – the reward.
- Rewards come after the desired behaviour.
Who was Abraham Maslow and what is his hierarchy of needs? (Give examples of each level.)
- known for his theories of motivation.
- The hierarchy of needs from basic (bottom) to complex (top) is
- Basic Needs (food, water, shelter, heat)
- Safety (security)
- Love/Belonging (relationships, family)
- Esteem (self-image, confidence)
- Self Actualization (positive life reflection, lack of regret, guilt remorse)
Who was Carl Jung? What theories did he develop?
- Significant psychologist
- He originated the concept that there are 4 psychological functions: sensation, intuition, thoughts & feelings.
- He founded analytical psychology: the branch of psychology that sees sexuality as only one of the many factors influencing human behaviour.
- He also determined that there are 2 ways in which people use psychological power; as introverts & as extroverts.
Who was Emile Durkheim? What theories did he develop?
- Significant sociologist
- Durkheim is regarded as the founder of modern sociology & functionalism (the belief that society works logically & protects the interests of its members).
- He is largely remembered for his studies identifying 3 types of suicides.
Who was Karl Marx? What theories did he develop?
- Significant sociologist
- Marx concluded that uneven distribution of wealth in society is normal, & called the power struggle between the rich & the poor: the conflict theory (bourgeoisie vs. proletariats).
- Marx founded the conflict school of sociology, & argues that capitalist society left most people powerless over their destiny.
Who was Erving Goffman? What theory did he develop?
- Significant Sociologist
- Defined total institutions. He identified the key features of such institutions such as isolating people from the rest of society.
Who is Jane Goodall? What theories did she develop, what did she discover?
- Physical anthropologist
- She studied the similarities and differences between chimpanzees and humans in Tanzania.
- She discovered habits & characteristics regarding chimps, ex. The use of tools: they would take a stick, put it in an ant hole, & eat the ants that clung to the stick.
- Chimps were previously believed to be vegetarians until Goodall observed a chimp kill & eat a carcass.
- The social structure for chimps includes an alpha-male that wins supremacy through aggression & strength, & can therefore mate with any females. -Goodall is a strong supporter of animal rights.
Who was Birute Galdikas? What did he study?
a physical anthropologist who studied orangutans.
Who were Mary and Louis Leakey? What did they discover?
- Major contributors to physical anthropology
- They went to Africa & Mary discovered the earliest fossilized human forms.
- The study of primates provided a better understanding of human origins & our ancestors.
Who was Bronislaw Malinowski?
a cultural anthropologist
Who was Diane Fossey? What theories did she study?
- Physical anthropologist
- Studied the Rwandan gorilla community. She believed that gorillas had a lot in common with human ancestors.
Who was Raymond Dart? What did he discover?
- Significant anthropologist
- Discovered the transition skull from when primates became humans.
Who was Margaret Mead?
a cultural anthropologist
Who was Ruth Benedict?
a cultural anthropologist
Who was Auguste Compte? What theories did he develop?
- Significant sociologist
- Invented the term sociology. He observed societal change over time and how it causes difficulties in adaptation.
- The 2 categories for analyzing society are social statics and social dynamics.
- Created positivism; the use of the scientific method rigidly to determine the truth.
Who was Alfred Adler? What theory did he develop?
- Significant psychologist
- Psychoanalyst who developed individual psychology (therapy that focuses on the conscious mind, and the motivation behind goals that people are aware of).
- He also introduced the inferiority complex (normal feelings of inferiority that – in extreme circumstances – leads to the inability to function normally)
Who was Max Weber? What theories did he develop?
- Significant sociologist
- Altered Marx’s conflict theory to include more religion, education, politics and family structure to explain class conflict.
- Favoured the creation of government bureaucracies to render a revolution unnecessary and improve society.
Who was Erik Erikson? What theories did he develop?
- Significant sociologist
- Developed theories regarding the adolescent self-concept
- Believed that teens (12-18 years old) struggle with identity and individuality.
- He states adolescents must face an identity crisis before becoming more self-aware and independent.
Who was George Mead? What theory did he develop?
-Significant sociologist
He believed that humans have more than one self, depending on the social setting: The I-self and Me-self.
-The I-self is revealed to those closest to us.
-The Me-self is guided by rules and expectations of our public selves.
