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Gr. 11 Social Sciences > Chapter 2: The Development of the Social Sciences > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Development of the Social Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Define kinship.

A

Relationships among members of a social group that are based on members’ descent from common ancestors.

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2
Q

Define extrovert. Who used this term?

A

term used by Carl Jung for a person who seeks a large number of close associations with others & who draws strength or energy from these associations.

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3
Q

Define introvert. Who used this term?

A

term used by Carl Jung to describe an emotionally self-sufficient person who does not encourage a large number of close associations with others & draws strength /energy from his/her inner life.

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4
Q

Define conditioned response. Who used this term?

A

term used by Ivan Pavlov for a response that is based on previous learning ex. Excitement before meeting an old friend.

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5
Q

What are the three types of anthropology?

A
  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Social Anthropology
  • Physical Anthropology
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6
Q

What are the three schools of thought of sociology?

A
  • Functionalism
  • The Conflict School
  • Symbolic Interactionism
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7
Q

What are the three schools of thought in psychology?

A
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavioural Psychology
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
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8
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Freud is regarded as the founder of psychology & psychoanalysis (the talking treatment).
  • Conscious vs. unconscious mind
  • The 3 elements of the human mind; the id, the ego & the superego.
  • Defense mechanisms: he uncovered that people who frequently used them risked losing touch with reality.
  • Psychosexual stages of development.
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9
Q

Explain briefly Freud’s theory of the conscious mind vs. the unconscious mind.

A

He assumed the human mind was divided into the conscious mind (containing recoverable memories) & the unconscious mind (contains suppressed memories).

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10
Q

Define the 3 elements of the mind.

A
  • The id is the pleasure seeking part of the brain (I want)
  • The ego urges us to do good things to obtain positive results (I should)
  • The superego is the conscience that helps us choose right from wrong (I will).
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11
Q

Define defense mechanism.

A

techniques the mind uses to deal with anxiety & maintain self-esteem

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12
Q

List and define 5 defense mechanisms.

A
  • Projection: judging others for negative traits we believe we possess
  • Rationalization; inventing an excuse to explain failure or loss
  • Compensation (ex. shopping, gambling)
  • Displacement: lash out at someone else with suppressed frustration from an earlier situation
  • Repression: suppressing unpleasant urges or thoughts out of the conscious mind to the subconscious.
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13
Q

Describe the significance of Ivan Pavlov.

A
  • Significant psychologist
  • He studied rewards & punishment when teaching. Pavlov believed the reward should be given before the desired behaviour.
  • Pavlov is most well-known for his dog experiment regarding unconditioned stimulus (US) & unconditioned response (UR).
  • When a dog accepts the food it’s given, the result is US & the dog’s saliva is a UR.
  • To establish an element of conditioned stimulus (CS), Pavlov rang a bell before feeding the dogs creating a conditioned response (CR).
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14
Q

Describe the significance of Skinner.

A
  • Significant psychologist
  • He studied rewards & punishment when teaching.
  • He taught a rat to press a bar (execute the desired behaviour) to release a pellet – the reward.
  • Rewards come after the desired behaviour.
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15
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow and what is his hierarchy of needs? (Give examples of each level.)

A
  • known for his theories of motivation.
  • The hierarchy of needs from basic (bottom) to complex (top) is
    • Basic Needs (food, water, shelter, heat)
    • Safety (security)
    • Love/Belonging (relationships, family)
    • Esteem (self-image, confidence)
    • Self Actualization (positive life reflection, lack of regret, guilt remorse)
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16
Q

Who was Carl Jung? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant psychologist
  • He originated the concept that there are 4 psychological functions: sensation, intuition, thoughts & feelings.
  • He founded analytical psychology: the branch of psychology that sees sexuality as only one of the many factors influencing human behaviour.
  • He also determined that there are 2 ways in which people use psychological power; as introverts & as extroverts.
17
Q

Who was Emile Durkheim? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant sociologist
  • Durkheim is regarded as the founder of modern sociology & functionalism (the belief that society works logically & protects the interests of its members).
  • He is largely remembered for his studies identifying 3 types of suicides.
18
Q

Who was Karl Marx? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant sociologist
  • Marx concluded that uneven distribution of wealth in society is normal, & called the power struggle between the rich & the poor: the conflict theory (bourgeoisie vs. proletariats).
  • Marx founded the conflict school of sociology, & argues that capitalist society left most people powerless over their destiny.
19
Q

Who was Erving Goffman? What theory did he develop?

A
  • Significant Sociologist
  • Defined total institutions. He identified the key features of such institutions such as isolating people from the rest of society.
20
Q

Who is Jane Goodall? What theories did she develop, what did she discover?

A
  • Physical anthropologist
  • She studied the similarities and differences between chimpanzees and humans in Tanzania.
  • She discovered habits & characteristics regarding chimps, ex. The use of tools: they would take a stick, put it in an ant hole, & eat the ants that clung to the stick.
  • Chimps were previously believed to be vegetarians until Goodall observed a chimp kill & eat a carcass.
  • The social structure for chimps includes an alpha-male that wins supremacy through aggression & strength, & can therefore mate with any females. -Goodall is a strong supporter of animal rights.
21
Q

Who was Birute Galdikas? What did he study?

A

a physical anthropologist who studied orangutans.

22
Q

Who were Mary and Louis Leakey? What did they discover?

A
  • Major contributors to physical anthropology
  • They went to Africa & Mary discovered the earliest fossilized human forms.
  • The study of primates provided a better understanding of human origins & our ancestors.
23
Q

Who was Bronislaw Malinowski?

A

a cultural anthropologist

24
Q

Who was Diane Fossey? What theories did she study?

A
  • Physical anthropologist

- Studied the Rwandan gorilla community. She believed that gorillas had a lot in common with human ancestors.

25
Q

Who was Raymond Dart? What did he discover?

A
  • Significant anthropologist

- Discovered the transition skull from when primates became humans.

26
Q

Who was Margaret Mead?

A

a cultural anthropologist

27
Q

Who was Ruth Benedict?

A

a cultural anthropologist

28
Q

Who was Auguste Compte? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant sociologist
  • Invented the term sociology. He observed societal change over time and how it causes difficulties in adaptation.
  • The 2 categories for analyzing society are social statics and social dynamics.
  • Created positivism; the use of the scientific method rigidly to determine the truth.
29
Q

Who was Alfred Adler? What theory did he develop?

A
  • Significant psychologist
  • Psychoanalyst who developed individual psychology (therapy that focuses on the conscious mind, and the motivation behind goals that people are aware of).
  • He also introduced the inferiority complex (normal feelings of inferiority that – in extreme circumstances – leads to the inability to function normally)
30
Q

Who was Max Weber? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant sociologist
  • Altered Marx’s conflict theory to include more religion, education, politics and family structure to explain class conflict.
  • Favoured the creation of government bureaucracies to render a revolution unnecessary and improve society.
31
Q

Who was Erik Erikson? What theories did he develop?

A
  • Significant sociologist
  • Developed theories regarding the adolescent self-concept
  • Believed that teens (12-18 years old) struggle with identity and individuality.
  • He states adolescents must face an identity crisis before becoming more self-aware and independent.
32
Q

Who was George Mead? What theory did he develop?

A

-Significant sociologist
He believed that humans have more than one self, depending on the social setting: The I-self and Me-self.
-The I-self is revealed to those closest to us.
-The Me-self is guided by rules and expectations of our public selves.

Gr. 11 Social Sciences (6 decks)

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