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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms consist of ____

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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2
Q

An atomic number is set by ___

A

The number of protons in an atom

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3
Q

The mass number of an atom is___

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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4
Q

Isotopes are ____

A

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons

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5
Q

A molecule is ___

A

Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds

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6
Q

A compound is ___

A

A chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements in a fixed proportion

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7
Q

An ion is ____

A

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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8
Q

What are the names of positive and negative ions?

A

Positive - Cation

Negative - Anion

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9
Q

Ionic bond

A

Results from the attraction of two ions

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10
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Atoms sharing electrons to form a molecule

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11
Q

Molecular weight

A

Sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms

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12
Q

Chemical reactions are classified as ____

A

Decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reaction

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules

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14
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of new molecules

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy required to start a reaction

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16
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed

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17
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Those that release energy

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18
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Those that absorb energy

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19
Q

Metabolites

A

Molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies

20
Q

Solvent

A

Medium of a solution

21
Q

Solute

A

Substance dispersed into a solution

22
Q

pH

A

Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions a solution contains

23
Q

Solutions are classified as ______ on the basis of pH

A

Neutral, acidic, or basic (alkaline)

24
Q

Acids do what to hydrogen ions?

A

Release them

25
Q

Bases do what to hydrogen ions?

A

Removes them

26
Q

What is the difference between weak and strong acids and bases?

A

Strong ones ionize completely, weak ones only partially ionize

27
Q

A salt is ____

A

An electrolyte whose cation is not a hydrogen ion and whose anion is not a hydroxide ion.

28
Q

Buffers do what?

A

Remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution. They maintain the pH within normal limits in body fluids

29
Q

What are the main constituents of organic compounds?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and generally oxygen

30
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

31
Q

How are monosaccharides formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides

32
Q

Lipids include what? and are they soluble in water?

A

Fats, oils, and waxes

Not soluble in water

33
Q

What are the five classes of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospolipids, and glycolipids

34
Q

Triglycerides consist of?

A

Three fatty acid molecules attached by dehydration synthesis to a molecule of glycerol

35
Q

Diglycerides are?

A

Two fatty acids and glycerol

36
Q

Monoglycerides are?

A

One fatty acid and glycerol

37
Q

Phospholids and glycolipids

A

Structural lipids that are components of micelles and plasma membranes

38
Q

Seven types of proteins

A 
Structural proteins
Contractile
Transport
Buffering
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
39
Q

Proteins are ____

A

Chains of amino acids

40
Q

Polypeptide

A

Linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

41
Q

ATP is what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

High energy compound used as fuel for cells

42
Q

What do moles measure? (Mol)

A

The number of atoms present of an element. 1 mol is equal to 6.023x10^23 (Avogadros number)

43
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

A

A molecule might contain atoms of only one element, like dioxide. Compounds are always made of at least two different elements.

Also, molecules only share electrons. Compounds can have other types of chemical bonds.

44
Q

What is the difference between polar and no polar covalent bonds?

A

Polar has an equal sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar has an unequal sharing.

45
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

The attraction between a slight positive charge in a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond and the slight negative charge on an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another polar covalent bond. It is not strong enough to make a molecule, but it shapes molecules and creates surface tension.

46
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules. (Like jello, it doesn’t settle)

47
Q

What are the five nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine - DNA
Uracil - RNA

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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