Chapter 2 - The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Atoms consist of ____

Answer 1

Protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 2

An atomic number is set by ___

Answer 2

The number of protons in an atom

Question 3

The mass number of an atom is___

Answer 3

The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

Question 4

Isotopes are ____

Answer 4

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons

Question 5

A molecule is ___

Answer 5

Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Question 6

A compound is ___

Answer 6

A chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements in a fixed proportion

Question 7

An ion is ____

Answer 7

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons

Question 8

What are the names of positive and negative ions?

Answer 8

Positive - Cation

Negative - Anion

Question 9

Ionic bond

Answer 9

Results from the attraction of two ions

Question 10

Covalent bonds

Answer 10

Atoms sharing electrons to form a molecule

Question 11

Molecular weight

Answer 11

Sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms

Question 12

Chemical reactions are classified as ____

Answer 12

Decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reaction

Question 13

Catabolism

Answer 13

Breakdown of complex molecules

Question 14

Anabolism

Answer 14

Synthesis of new molecules

Question 15

Activation energy

Answer 15

Amount of energy required to start a reaction

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

Catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed

Question 17

Exergonic reactions

Answer 17

Those that release energy

Question 18

Endergonic reactions

Answer 18

Those that absorb energy

Question 19

Metabolites

Answer 19

Molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies

Question 20

Solvent

Answer 20

Medium of a solution

Question 21

Solute

Answer 21

Substance dispersed into a solution

Question 22

pH

Answer 22

Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions a solution contains

Question 23

Solutions are classified as ______ on the basis of pH

Answer 23

Neutral, acidic, or basic (alkaline)

Question 24

Acids do what to hydrogen ions?

Answer 24

Release them

Question 25

Bases do what to hydrogen ions?

Answer 25

Removes them

Question 26

What is the difference between weak and strong acids and bases?

Answer 26

Strong ones ionize completely, weak ones only partially ionize

Question 27

A salt is ____

Answer 27

An electrolyte whose cation is not a hydrogen ion and whose anion is not a hydroxide ion.

Question 28

Buffers do what?

Answer 28

Remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution. They maintain the pH within normal limits in body fluids

Question 29

What are the main constituents of organic compounds?

Answer 29

Carbon, hydrogen, and generally oxygen

Question 30

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Answer 30

Monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 31

How are monosaccharides formed?

Answer 31

Dehydration synthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 32

Lipids include what? and are they soluble in water?

Answer 32

Fats, oils, and waxes | Not soluble in water

Question 33

What are the five classes of lipids?

Answer 33

Fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospolipids, and glycolipids

Question 34

Triglycerides consist of?

Answer 34

Three fatty acid molecules attached by dehydration synthesis to a molecule of glycerol

Question 35

Diglycerides are?

Answer 35

Two fatty acids and glycerol

Question 36

Monoglycerides are?

Answer 36

One fatty acid and glycerol

Question 37

Phospholids and glycolipids

Answer 37

Structural lipids that are components of micelles and plasma membranes

Question 38

Seven types of proteins

Answer 38

``` Structural proteins Contractile Transport Buffering Enzymes Hormones Antibodies ```

Question 39

Proteins are ____

Answer 39

Chains of amino acids

Question 40

Polypeptide

Answer 40

Linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Question 41

ATP is what?

Answer 41

Adenosine Triphosphate | High energy compound used as fuel for cells

Question 42

What do moles measure? (Mol)

Answer 42

The number of atoms present of an element. 1 mol is equal to 6.023x10^23 (Avogadros number)

Question 43

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Answer 43

A molecule might contain atoms of only one element, like dioxide. Compounds are always made of at least two different elements. Also, molecules only share electrons. Compounds can have other types of chemical bonds.

Question 44

What is the difference between polar and no polar covalent bonds?

Answer 44

Polar has an equal sharing of electrons. | Nonpolar has an unequal sharing.

Question 45

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 45

The attraction between a slight positive charge in a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond and the slight negative charge on an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom in another polar covalent bond. It is not strong enough to make a molecule, but it shapes molecules and creates surface tension.

Question 46

What is a colloid?

Answer 46

A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules. (Like jello, it doesn't settle)

Question 47

What are the five nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

Answer 47

``` Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine - DNA Uracil - RNA ```